Constituency : Borough of Carlow 1859-65, Bridgnorth 1865-66
John was one of those eminent Victorians whose stint as an MP is little more than a footnote to their career. He was an English baronet, the grandson of a famous admiral. He was educated at Edinbugh because Cambridge would not admit him as a Catholic. He also spent time in Munich with the Catholic theologian Johann Dollinger who instilled his passion for historical research. With connections in all the right places he was made Deputy Lieutenant of Salop at the age of 21 in 1955 and accompanied Lord Granville, his stepfather, to the coronation of Alexander II in 1856.
Three years later John entered Parliament for the Irish seat of Carlow because there were few English constituencies ready to return a Catholic. He was adopted at Carlow thanks to the offices of Archbishop Cullen. He is mainly notable in this period for his influence on Gladstone who became a close friend ; it was John that persuaded him to back the South in the American Civil War upholding states' rights against a potentially tyrannical central government. In 1865 he switched to Bridgnorth where his election was declared void and the seat handed to the Tories. He contested it again in 1868 when it had been reduced to just one member but without success ( ironically it fell to the Liberals in a by-election two years later ).
With John losing interest in returning to the Commons he was raised to the peerage as Baron Acton in 1869 at Gladstone's suggestion.
In 1859 John took over the editorship of a Catholic monthly The Rambler from Cardinal Newman and three years later merged it with another paper the Home and Foreign Review. His contributions to this subjecting the pretensions of the church to rigorous historical scrutiny and his high-minded liberalism soon raised the ire of the Catholic hierarchy. In 1864 Pius IX declared that all Catholic opinion was subject to papal authority and John felt obliged to resign his position. In 1870 he went to Rome to support Dollinger's attempts to block the doctrine of papal infallibility at the First Vatican Council but did not join the Old Catholic secession that resulted. He responded to Gladstone's 1874 pamphlet The Vatican Decrees by a series of well-judged letters treading a middle ground which kept him in communion with both parties.It was in this context that he came out with the famous epithet "Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely" in a letter to a fellow scholar in 1887.
John conceived a monumental work the "History Of Liberty" but it was never realised beyond a couple of chapters delivered as lectures in Bridgnorth in 1877. He helped found the English Historical Review in 1886. He was showered with honorary degrees in subsequent years.
Gradually the ageing Gladstone drew John back towards politics again and he was a lord-in-waiting during Gladstone's last ministry. Rosebery pushed him towards academia by appointing him Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge in 1895.
He fell ill in 1901 and died the following year. His vast library went via Andrew Carnegie then John Marley to the University.
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