Tuesday, 30 April 2013
132 William Fox
Constituency : Oldham 1847-52 , 1852-7, 1857-62
William was an unusual MP in that he was first and foremost a Unitarian preacher ( although the historian Donald Southgate describes him as a Quaker) . He was humbly born and started out as a Congregationalist but later became a Unitarian. He was a strong supporter of the Anti-Corn Law League and won renown for his oratory and journalism in support of the cause. Over the years his preachings took on more of a secular flavour.
The Lord may have looked favourably on William for he was twice returned quickly in by-elections after general election defeat due to the death of a sitting member. His defeat in 1857 was attributed to his support for Cobden's China motion which brought down Palmerston.
William was a frequent speaker in the House on all sorts of topics. His first speech was in favour of removing Jewish disabilities. He spoke in support of the secret ballot, secular education, public libraries and extension of the franchise. He strongly opposed Russell's Ecclesiastical Titles Bill as an interference in the internal affairs of a non-established church and therefore a dangerous precedent. He was also a supporter of women's suffrage
William caused a Victorian scandal when he separated from his wife and apparently set up home with his ward, the daughter of a deceased journalist friend. His daughter Eliza was a notable artist and women's rights campaigner.
He stood down in 1862 and died two years later aged 78.
Monday, 29 April 2013
131 John Cobbett
Constituency : Oldham 1852-65 , 1872-77 ( Conservative )
John was the son of the early nineteenth century political agitator and author of Rural Rides, William Cobbett ( who also had a brief spell as Oldham's MP 1832-5). In 1832 William had nominated John to stand in the Coventry by-election against Edward Ellice but John withdrew from illness before polling day. In 1855 John introduced a Ten Hours Bill to close off loopholes in the Factories Act and restrict women and young people to ten hours a day. John was not a temperance supporter and opposed the Sale of Beer Act. In 1864 he opposed Gladstone's malt tax.
In the 1865 election John was defeated by fellow Liberal John Platt.
In 1868 John tried for the seat again as a Conservative but lost by six votes. He got back in at a by-election in 1872 and served for five years until his death when the Liberals won the seat back.
He was 70 at the time of his death.
Sunday, 28 April 2013
130 James Turner
Constituency : Manchester 1857-65
Like his fellow Manchester MP Thomas Bazley, James was a Unitarian cotton manufacturer from Bolton. In 1845 he founded the Manchester Commercial Association as a protectionist breakaway from the Manchester Chamber of Commerce. However in a Commons speech in 1863 on public works to alleviate the cotton famine he declared that he had been wrong and now supported free trade.
James came forward ( along with Thomas Potter ) in 1857 as a Palmerstonian Whig with the specific purpose of unseating his two Radical critics Milner-Gibson and Bright. With no Tories in the field they were both successful.
In 1859 James was re-elected in second place behind Bazley. He stood down in 1865.
Even before the American Civil War James was arguing that Britain must look to India for further supplies of cotton. He opposed the extension of the Factories Act to the bleaching and dyeing trade.
James was also a noted entomologist and founded the Manchester Field Naturalist Club. He was also noted for philanthropy.
James could be prickly, his obituary noting that he ofen forgot " the suavity which lessens the painfulness of a blow, and was not quick in seeking reconcilement".
He died in 1867 aged 70.
Saturday, 27 April 2013
129 Thomas Bazley
Constituency : Manchester 1858-80
Thomas was a philanthropic cotton manufacturer from Bolton. He was educated at Bolton Grammar School, apprenticed to a cotton firm then went into business on his own. He created the village of Barrow Bridge ( not far from me ) as a non-sectarian industrial community. He also built schools and reading rooms for his workers. He was a member of the Anti-Corn Law League and President of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce from 1845 to 1860. His expertise on cotton was much in demand and he was a commissioner for both the Great Exhibition in 1851 and the Paris Exhibition in 1855. He also sat on the Royal Commission assimilating the mercantilist law of the UK which brought him to Gladstone's attention.
Thomas was first elected at the age of 61, unopposed in an 1858 by-election after the sudden death of Thomas Potter. Thomas's election marked a healing of Liberal divisions in the city after Potter and our next subject had stood as Palmerstonians to evict Milner Gibson and Bright in 1857. He was a signatory to an address trying to persuade Cobden to accept office in 1859.
In 1861 Thomas retired from business to concentrate on his new career , selling out to future MP William Callender. He now wished to be a landowner and acquired estates in Gloucestershire, Hertfordshire and Oxfordshire. In 1861 he spoke in favour of Gladstone's proposed abolition of the paper tax and reduction of income tax " The remission.. was a relief to the wealthy classes.. capitalists and landed proprietors". He maintained that the government was obliged to "raise an equitable amount from each respective portion of the country". He was greatly affected by the Cotton Famine and called on the government to do more to obtain fresh supplies from India. He disliked Wood's tariff policy in India , with labour costs a quarter of Lancashire's he foresaw a native textile industry "extremely injurious to us". He supported decimalisation.
Thomas was in favour of an extension to the franchise and in a Commons speech in 1865 linked the issue to retrenchment -"If a larger number of practical men were admitted to Parliament there would be fewer blunders and extravagancies in the navy and the other public departments than there were at present". Accordingly he was a member of the Reform Union and denounced fellow Liberals who sought to delay the necessary legislation. He also pressed for a more just administration of India. He had a particular bee in his bonnet about medical officers posted in India asking the relevant Secretaries of State questions on the subject regularly over many years. In the 1870s his parliamentary contributions tail off markedly as his health declined. He was disturbed by the growth of republicanism in the north west and wrote letters to the press decrying it.
Gladstone created Thomas a baronet in 1869 for his services to public life and the cotton industry.
Thomas stood down in 1880. In 1881 he presented a set of four busts to Manchester City Council ; they were Cobden, Bright, Villiers and Gladstone.
He died in Lytham in 1885 aged 87.
Friday, 26 April 2013
128 John Brocklehurst
Constituency : Macclesfield 1832-68
John was a Unitarian silk manufacturer ( senior partner in J and T Brocklehurst, the largest silk firm in Britain ) and banker representing his home town.
John was first elected in 1832 declaring jimself for civil and religious liberty. In 1842 he declared himself against free trade as damaging to the silk trade and he spoke against the Ten Hours Bill. He voted for Derby's Reform Bill in 1859 and more advanced Liberals thought he was too sympathetic to the other side.
John was greatly interested in education and was President of the Macclesfield Useful Knowledge Society established in 1835 to support further education..
John was twice offered a baronetcy but declined.
He retired in 1868 passing the seat on to his son William. He died two years later at the age of 81.
Thursday, 25 April 2013
127 Joseph Ewart
Constituency : Liverpool 1855-65
Joseph was the younger brother of William Ewart who we have already discussed. He was an America , East India and general merchant . He was a director of P & O and the London and Northern Railway Company. He first stood for Liverpool in 1852 but came bottom of the poll as the Conservatives took both seats. He then won it in a by-election in 1855.
Joseph was narrowly defeated in 1865.
He died in 1868 aged 72 leaving a £180,000 estate.
Wednesday, 24 April 2013
126 Samuel Gregson
Constituency : Lancaster 1847-8, 1852-64
Samuel, an East Indian merchant, was first elected in 1847 but was unseated on petition. He got back in at the next general election and held the seat until his death. In 1857 he was chairman of the East India and China Association and keen for Palmerston's government to prosecute the war against China for the sake of commercial penetration. Samuel was regarded as eccentric. In the great censure debate in 1857 he read into the record a letter from his associates claiming there was no opium trade provoking a shouted response from Gladstone
Samuel was a co-founder of the National History Museum and some claim to have coined the word "dinosaur". He was a local benefactor and presented a new public baths to the city in 1863 which lasted till 1939.
He died in 1865 aged 72.
Tuesday, 23 April 2013
125 Spencer Cavendish ( Lord Hartington )
Constituency : Lancashire North 1857-68, Radnor 1869-80, NE Lancashire 1880-5, Rossendale 1885- 92
Spencer is one of the more intriguing politicians of the period, a party leader who genuinely didn't want to be Prime Minister. Spencer was the nephew of the childless Duke of Devonshire and hence his eventual heir. He was brought up and privately educated at Holker Hall in Lancashire before going to Cambridge and as a result had a plain unpretentious air lacking some social graces. In 1858 his father's elevation to the dukedom made him Marquess of Hartington and he was generally known by that name until his own succession in 1891. Spencer was earmarked for a high place in Whig politics early on when he accompanied his cousin Lord Granville to the coronation of Tsar Alexander II in 1856. In 1857 his father placed him in the seat of Lancashire North where he was elected unopposed at the age of 24.
Spencer first made his mark in the Commons when he was selected to move the amendment to the Queen's Speech in 1859 at the Willis's Tea Room meeting which established the Liberal Party. Spencer's speech was a success and the Derby government fell to Palmerston's new coalition of forces. Spencer was a great admirer of Palmerston and never really deviated from his policies of moderate domestic reform and enhancing national prestige abroad. Like Palmerston he was admired on both sides of the House. In 1861 he welcomed Gladstone's budget and called for Palmerston to dissolve if they were not accepted.
Spencer also travelled in the early years of the government ; in 1862 he went to the USA where he met President Lincoln though this did not affect his general support for the South. He was ever mindful of the cotton interests of his native Lancashire.
In 1863 Palmerston confirmed his appreciation of the young aristocrat by appointing Spencer to a post at the Admiralty but almost immediately switched him to Under-Secretary of State for War. As his senior Earl De Grey was in the Lords he was the departmental spokesman in the Commons and managed to impress them with his mastery of detail. He also had a good relationship with the queen's cousin the Duke of Cambridge who was Commander-in-chief.
Spencer retained his post after Palmerston's death but in 1866 was promoted to Secretary by Russell becoming the youngest Cabinet member for many years. Although from a similar background He did not admire Russell or share his obsession with Parliamentary Reform and his speech on the 1866 Bill was halting and lacklustre.
In 1868 his seat was contested for the first time and he lost which was widely attributed to anti-Irish feeling caused by Fenian outrages in Lancashire and the Liberal commitment to disestablish the Irish Church. A safe seat was soon found for him at Radnor and on his return in 1869 he joined the government as Postmaster-General. This was actually a demotion but Gladstone soon rectified matters by making him Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1870, a post he accepted with reluctance and tried to relinquish in 1873. In 1874 he came out firmly against Home Rule.
The following year Spencer became leader of the Liberal party on Gladstone's retirement. He did not want to be seen as the candidate of the right but up against W E Forster this was inevitable. However Forster had forfeited much of his Nonconformist support by his 1870 Education Bill and Spencer's mistress Louise , Duchess of Manchester worked on him to stand down. Spencer's leadership has been much criticised for lack of vigour against the resurgent Tories. He didn't enjoy speaking and had a drawling, laconic delivery which suggested a lack of passion and his personal relations with Disraeli were suspiciously good. Like Palmerston again he was a good reader of the mood of the House. He also acquired the Palmerstonian habit of taking naps ( or at least pretending to ) on the front bench which was less excusable in a much younger man. He listened to and adapted to public opinion rather than trying to shape it. On the other hand he was a much more approachable party manager than Gladstone and had a greater concern to maintain party unity.
Spencer also had a good relationship with the Court, assuring Queen Victoria that he was only opposing the Royal Titles Bill to forestall a more Radical response. When Gladstone re-emerged over the Bulgarian horrors Spencer tried to steer a middle course while letting it be known that Gladstone could resume the leadership if he chose. He was only mildly critical of the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 but more effective in over Afghanistan.
Spencer was not insensitive to the shifting tides of opinion and expressed his support for a further franchise extension in 1877. On the other hand he brusquely declined an invitation to address the National Liberal Federation the following year divining Chamberlain's intentions to radicalise the party.
Spencer was not happy representing a Welsh seat and in 1880 he chose to contest North East Lancashire which he wrested from the Tories in the Liberal victory. Disraeli advised the Queen to send for Spencer who was much more palatable to her than Gladstone anyway. Spencer sounded out whether Gladstone would serve under him and when the answer was negative he and Granville told Victoria that there was no alternative to Gladstone.
Gladstone offered Spencer a choice of posts and he took Secretary of State for India. It was not a good choice as he became frustrated at the impossibility of one man mastering all the detail. He did however manage to reverse Disraeli's policy in Afghanistan. At the same time Ireland remained a concern. He strongly supported Forster in the Commons.He reluctantly made a speech in favour of Gladstone's Compensation for Disturbance Bill and persuaded him to include fixity of tenure in his Second Land Act.
In 1882 he returned to his old post of Secretary for War but his time there was overshadowed by the murder of his brother Frederick in Ireland that year. Frederick had been a much greater admirer of Gladstone than his brother and a vital conduit between the two who grew much further apart after his death. Spencer was not unambitious but saw that Gladstone was holding the Whigs and Radicals together and whoever put him out would lose the subsequent contest. In 1883 he started to express a desire to retire. However he enjoyed a strong body of support in the party who were becoming alienated from Gladstone and the policy spasms and the Radicals were willing to back him as an interim leader until his succession after which they would be in control. He was also a close friend of Lord Rosebery. In 1885 he made a strong anti-Radical speech in his constituency and became locked in a fierce rivalry with Chamberlain for the Liberal succession which spilled over into the campaign.
Spencer chose General Gordon for the Sudan expedition and had to threaten to resign to get Gladstone to agree to the relief expedition. He would have sent a new expedition in 1885 if it had not been for an apparent new threat from Russia.
Spencer was dismayed by Gladstone's conversion to Home Rule but agreed that he had to be allowed to present his proposals to Parliament. In 1886 he voted against the Liberal amendment turning Salisbury's government to preserve his freedom of action but disavowed any desire to lead an opposition grouping. He was now centre stage. He declined Gladstone's offer of office but rebuffed Churchill's attempt to convert him saying that would aid Chamberlain's takeover of the Liberal Party.
When the proposals came out Chamberlain himself opposed them and the two men came together in an unlikely alliance agreeing that a reorganised system of county councils and a sweeping measure of land purchase could solve the Irish problem without weakening imperial ties. Both men also expected that a defeat on Home Rule would be the end of Gladstone and Liberal reunion could quickly follow. Spencer made a great speech on the Second Reading and 92 Liberals followed him into the opposition lobbies to defeat the measure.
Contrary to expectations Gladstone dissolved and another election took place. A pact between Spencer's followers to be known as Liberal Unionists and the Tories was quickly drawn up and was electorally successful with most of them getting back in and holding the balance of power. Salisbury then offered Spencer his second chance of the premiership as leader of a Unionist coalition government but Spencer was still not prepared to countenance a permanent break from the Liberal party and sat on the opposition front bench with Gladstone to the latter's mounting irritation. However he did give Salisbury assurances of general support. He gave the same answer in 1887 to Salisbury's approach after the resignation of Randolph Churchill.
Despite Spencer's own desire for reunion the Liberal Unionists were constituted as a separate organisation in August 1886 and he was elected their leader without a contest. The tide was going the other way and in 1887 he was denounced as a deserter by Granville. He rebuffed the schemes of Churchill and Chamberlain to set up a new National party forcing the former into a ridiculous approach to Gladstone. Gladstone's pertinacity frustrated his hopes and in 1891 he felt obliged to renounce his desire for reunion when Gladstone accepted the Newcastle Programme.
That year he finally became Duke of Devonshire and went to the Lords where he led the resistance to Gladstone's Second Home Rule Bill couching Ulster resistance in Whig terms. He was not implacably hostile to the Liberal government and managed to persuade the Upper House to let the Parish Councils Bill through. When his friend Rosebery succeeded Gladstone hopes of a reunion revived although Chamberlain's antagonistic behaviour in the Commons made it unlikely. Then came Harcourt's death duties which Spencer took as a personal affront ( maybe it was ) although ironically Salisbury persuaded him not to oppose them in the Lords for fear of reviving the Rosebery government.
Salisbury was vindicated by the 1895 election result which gave the Conservatives an independent majority. He offered the Liberal Unionists a share in the government which Spencer now accepted rather than be in the wilderness with an irrelevant rump. He became Lord President of the Council with special responsibilities for education. He was the main architect of the 1902 Education Act the prime ( some would say only) domestic achievement of the Salisbury government although Balfour got the credit as its Commons pilot. He was offended not to be consulted when the King sent for Balfour in succession to Salisbury but he really had little cause for complaint.
As a committed Free Trader, Spencer decisively broke with Chamberlain over Tariff Reform.
Chamberlain's bag man Jesse Collings found himself being physically evicted from Chatsworth when he tried to persuade the Duke of its merits. Balfour initially persuaded Spencer not to resign from the Cabinet when Chamberlain did but then lost him after making a speech in favour of retaliatory tariffs in October 1904. By this time the majority of Liberal Unionists were Chamberlain's men so Spencer resigned the presidency and went to sit on the crossbenches with Rosebery. He accepted the presidency of the Free Food League , briefly making common cause with Winston Churchill.
Spencer took no part in the 1906 election campaign. In 1907 he defended his own Act against Birrell's proposals helping to ensure their defeat in the Lords but he was not out for a confrontation and was quick to support the emasculated proposals. He could see trouble brewing and supported Lord Newton's moderate Lords reform plans.
Spencer was socially popular despite the frequent lapses in manners and pursued his passion for horseracing though it has been suggested he exaggerated this to evince a gentlemanly disdain for conviction politics
He did not live to see the great confrontation with Asquith's government for now his health gave way and he died in Cannes in 1908 aged 74. He had no direct heirs for again like Palmerston he had waited until his mistress became a widow and then married her. He is usually thought of as "the last of the Whigs".
Monday, 22 April 2013
124 George Glyn
Constituency : Kendal 1847-68
George was the son of a baronet from a family of rich bankers. He was educated at Westminster School. Glyn, Mills & Co was thought to be the largest private bank in Britain. They were intimately connected with the railways and George became chair of the North Midland Railway in 1836 ,the London and Birmingham Railway in 1837 and the London and North Western Railway in 1846. He was responsible for the introduction of through-ticketing on the railways. He was also involved in a Canadian railway venture , the Grand Trunk Railway. George became MP for Kendal in 1847 unopposed and never had to face a contest thereafter.
George was a frequent speaker in the House in the 1850s on railway and financial matters. Gladstone was known to consult him on financial matters.He was a staunch exponent of Free Trade.
George stood down in 1868 and was raised to the peerage as Baron Wolverton in 1869.
He died in 1873 aged 76. The Economist described him as " a man whose noble qualities of intelligence, public spirit, generosity and loyalty to truth enabled him to become one of the veritable leaders of an age full of intense activity and pregnant with far-reaching consequences".
Saturday, 20 April 2013
123 Charles Howard
Constituency : East Cumberland 1840-79
Charles was the fifth son of the Earl of Carlisle and a daughter of the Duke of Devonshire.
He was first elected for Cumberland East in a by-election in 1879.
Despite his long service Charles remained a backbench Whig who made infrequent contributions in the House. He spoke in favour of repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 and moved the address to the Queen's Speech in 1847 welcoming moves to address the condition of Ireland. In 1869 he objected to the Lord Lieutenancies of both Cumberland and Westmorland being both held by the Lowther family. Charles was not in favour of the secret ballot; based on American experience he believed it would be negated by "tampering with the returns by the government of the day".
He died in 1879 aged 65 and was succeeded in the seat by his son George.
Friday, 19 April 2013
122 William Marshall
Constituency : Petersfield 1826-30, Leominster 1830-1, Beverley 1831-2, Carlisle 1835-47, East Cumberland 1847-68
William came from a family of wealthy cotton manufacturers based in Leeds.
William spoke only twice in a long parliamentary career.
He died in 1872 aged 76. His son Francis was a noted late Victorian playwright.
121 John Steel
Constituency : Cockermouth 1854-68
John was a wealthy retired solicitor.
John did well to break the Lowther stranglehold on Cockermouth at a by-election in 1854 and then hold it until his death.
He died in 1868 at the age of 82 the seat then reverting to the Tories.
Thursday, 18 April 2013
120 Hugh Grosvenor
Constituency : Chester 1847-69
Hugh was the son of the Marquess of Westminster and a younger daughter of the Duke of Sutherland. He was educated at Eton and Oxford which he left without taking a degree to take the seat vacated by his uncle at the age of 22. He married his cousin Constance at St James Palace in 1852 with Queen Victoria in attendance. Besides being heir to a large estate in Cheshire he had property interests in the centre of London.
With this background it is not surprising that Hugh was at the Whig rather than Radical edge of the party. In fact he showed little interest in politics until the death of Palmerston brought Parliamentary Reform back to the forefront of domestic affairs. Hugh became an important figure in the Adullamite faction as the proposer of a wrecking amendment to the Russell-Gladstone Reform Bill. He was pushed forward as leader by Lord Elcho possibly to attract more Whig support than a former Peelite could muster. It caused particular embarrassment to Gladstone as Hugh was a near neighbour to his own estates. Hugh then helped keep Derby in office including voting for measures which increased the electorate more than Russell had proposed
However Hugh did not favour a permanent breach with the Liberal leadership and declined office under Derby. Five years after Hugh succeeded to the Marquisate Gladstone upgraded it to a dukedom in the 1874 Resignation Honours. Hugh then backed him on the Eastern Question presiding over an anti-Turk meeting in 1876. In 1880 Gladstone appointed him Master of the Horse. Inevitably Hugh became a Liberal Unionist in 1886 but they co-operated once again in Gladstone's final campaign on behalf of the Armenians. After Gladstone's death in 1898 Hugh was president of his National Memorial committee commissioning statues and rebuilding St Deinol's Library.
Hugh was a passionate horseman and won the Derby four times as an owner. He was also a philanthropist supporting hospitals, the RSPCA and temperance organisations. He also supported odd causes like the right to cremation and early closing legislation. He made vast improvements to his estate at Eaton Hall Cheshire financed by the huge increase in ground rents at Mayfair and Belgravia.
He died of bronchitis in 1899 at the age of 74. He was thought to be the richest man in Britain.
Wednesday, 17 April 2013
119 Sir James Graham
Constituency : Hull 1818-20, St Ives 1820-1, Carlisle 1826-9, Cumberland 1829-32, Cumberland East 1832-7, Pembroke 1838-41, Dorchester 1841-7 ( Conservative ), Ripon 1847-52, Carlisle 1852-61
Sir James's career is a good illustration of the confusion and shifting loyalties that characterised the politics of the mid-nineteenth century. He was the son of a Tory baronet from Cumbria educated at Westminster and Oxford. He first entered Parliament for Hull at a cost of £6,000 in 1818 but switched to the less expensive seat of St Ives in 1820. He was forced out of there by electoral petition in 1821. His switch from Carlisle to Cumberland was voluntary. In 1826 he published his Free Trade pamphlet Corn and Currency and he soon became a prominent advocate of Parliamentary Reform. He joined Grey's cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty but resigned in 1834 following Lord Stanley over the proposals to reform the Irish church and becoming a prominent member of his "Derby Dilly". By 1837 he had followed him into the Conservative party which cost him his seat. He was back in for Pembroke in 1838. He became Peel's Home Secretary in 1841 but was unpopular over the Scottish church question , coercion in Ireland and for authorising the opening of mail for diplomatic purposes at the post office. He does however have the 1844 Factory Bill to his credit.He backed Peel over the Corn Laws and went into political exile with him in 1847. He became the unofficial leader of the Peelites in the Commons after Peel's death. He was not afraid of courting unpopularity; he made a fierce attack on the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill in 1851.He returned to Carlisle and the Cabinet in 1852 when he became Aberdeen's First Lord of the Admiralty. He resigned with the other Peelites over the commission of inquiry into the Crimean War in 1855 although in his own case his health was poor as well with frequent heart spasms.
James was initially an intimate friend of Palmerston's but later became seriously critical of him and in 1840 introduced a censure motion on his China policy which was only narrowly defeated. In 1851 Russell tried to bring him into his ministry as President of the Board of Control but declined, partly on the grounds that he could not sit at the same table as Palmerston with " his crooked policy, his headstrong waywardness and his dangerous artifices". However a year later they were collaborating on the Free Trade amendment which effectively buried Protection as a viable policy. He thought Palmerston had threatened his way into Aberdeen's government and backed Russell in the struggle between the two on parliamentary reform. He also voted for the China motion which prompted Palmerston's dissolution in 1857 and was thought to have instigated the Conspiracy Bill revolt the following year.
However James did not share Gladstone's predilection for a rapprochement with Derby pointing out to him in 1856 that the conversion of the Tories to financial retrenchment would take longer than Palmerston's remaining lifespan. He also warned Gladstone against being too precious about Peel " The policy of Peel is still one to which I adhere. But this confession of faith is no valid security for practical conduct. Most of Palmerston's administration would make this same profession". However by May 1858 he was urging Gladstone to accept Derby's overtures : "your honest liberal tendencies would soon leaven the whole lump."He played an ambiguous role in the formal creation of the Liberal party in 1858-9 first playing on Russell's jealousy of Palmerston and describing the latter as "an old Tory of the deepest dye" and then bluntly telling Russell that he was less indispensable than Palmerston after the 1859 election . He did not take office in 1859 on grounds of age ( despite being considerably younger than Palmerston himself ) although he encouraged Gladstone and Herbert to do so.
In 1860 James helped dissuade Gladstone from resigning over the fortification issue : "The will of the nation is in favour of military preparation , quite regardless of expense.. the attempt to struggle against it is in vain". He also sat on the select committee considering the Lords rebellion on the paper duties backing the more anodyne report against the wishes of Gladstone and Russell.
James had a reputation as a poor speaker in Parliament with a stiff and pompous manner that was better appreciated on the hustings. He could also be haughty and sarcastic. He was an able administrator and probably believed that political success should follow from that alone.
He died in 1861 aged 69.
Tuesday, 16 April 2013
118 Sir Wifrid Lawson
Constituency : Carlisle 1859-65, 1868-85, Cockermouth 1886-1900, 1906, Camborne 1903-06
Sir Wilfrid was a landowning baronet and the nephew of the leading Peelite Sir James Graham. He was brought up in Cumbria and became a great country sports enthusiast purchasing the pack of legendary huntsman John Peel after his death. He was privately educated at home.
Wilfrid was always in the vanguard of advanced Liberalism and began his political career as a devout Cobdenite Radical. He first stood as such in the unpromising 1857 election in the West Cumberland seat which was in the pocket of the Lowthers and came in a distant third.
In 1859 Wilfrid was invited to run with his uncle in Carlisle who informed the local agent "Lawson and his father sincerely entertain extreme opinions and may be considered partisans of Mr Bright . Lawson would go the whole way". Wilfrid came in second.
Wilfirid made his maiden speech in 1860 supporting the introduction of the secret ballot and soon acquired a reputation as an erudite and witty parliamentarian. He welcomed Gladstone's apparent acceptance of universal suffrage in 1864. That same year he introduced the Permissive Bill, the first salvo in his lifelong battle against the liquor trade for which he struggled to find a seconder. The principle was that districts could outlaw alcohol on a ratepayers' ballot. It was heavily defeated and probably accounted for him losing his seat to the Tories in 1865, The Times suggesting that no constituency would select him again. He toyed with the idea of fighting Cockermouth in 1866 when the Tory Lord Naas was appointed Irish Secretary but withdrew from the contest.
In 1868 he returned in triumph at Carlisle heading the poll despite a ferocious assault from the Dean of Carlisle aghast at his support for Irish disestablishment. In 1870 he put down a motion condemning the opium trade " We go on to this day merrily poisoning the Chinese with opium as we do our own people with alcohol" . On some divisions he was almost alone such as on Dilke's demands for accountable royal finances or Gladstone's request for increased army estimates at the time of the Franco-Prussian War. He proudly declared "I am a fanatic, a faddist and an "extreme man" , opposed to the peerage, the beerage and war".
In the 1874-80 Parliament he was a consistent opponent of Disraeli's imperial adventures. In 1877 he was the only English Liberal to speak in support of Isaac Butt's Home Rule motion. In 1880 he supported Bradlaugh's right to take his seat but became a fierce opponent of British policy in Egypt declaring it "perfectly abominable to see men whom they respected, whom they believed in , whom they had placed in power, overturning every principle they had professed, carrying out a policy that was abhorrent to every lover of justice and of right".
As a result of the 1884 Reform Act Carlisle had been reduced to a single member constituency so Wilfrid decided to contest Cockermouth in 1885 but he lost out by 10 votes thus being out of Parliament for the great Home Rule schism. He was fierce in condemning the defectors and at the 1886 election was one of only three Gladstonians to capture a seat from the Tories winning Cockermouth by over 1,000 votes. He was a fierce critic of Balfour's coercion policies.
As the Liberal party swung to the left in the wake of the Whigs' departure, Wilfrid found himself closer to the mainstream in the party. He was delighted by Gladstone's acceptance of the Newcastle Programme which enshrined many of the causes he held most dear - "If the chartists could rise from their graves they would not believe that the Liberal Party had absolutely homologated those great reforms". Wilfrid became an enthusiastic Home Ruler to clear the path to these domestic reforms and was furious when the Lords rejected Gladstone's final Home Rule Bill. In 1894 he described the Lords as a "medieval monstrosity" and supported its abolition rather than reform.
Predictably Wilfrid was a fierce opponent of the Boer War and continually voted against the supply for Kitchener's army. This led to his inevitable defeat in 1900. In 1903 the Camborne Liberal Association invited him to contest a by-election there with the understanding that he was free to return to Cockermouth at the next general election. Wilfrid accepted and won the seat with a huge majority. As expected he returned to Cockermouth in 1906 and won by over 600 votes. He was the only MP from the class of 1859 ( few were still alive ) to be elected in the 1906 landslide.
Less than six months later he died peacefully in his sleep at the age of 76. His son Wilfrid eventually succeeded him in the seat.
Wilfrid was President of the United Kingdom Alliance ( against drink ) from 1879 until his death.
A number of memorials to Wilfrid and his work exist. One of these is a memorial statue in Victoria Embankment Gardens unveiled in 1908 by the Prime Minister Asquith who said " Sir Wilfrid was one of the most remarkable and certainly one of the most attractive political characters of the times. He was an apostle not of lost , but gaining causes, content for most of his life to be in the minority, but watching year by year the minority slowly developing into the majority of the future".
Monday, 15 April 2013
117 Sir Frederick Peel
Constituency : Leominster 1849-52 , Bury 1852-7, 1859-65
Sir Frederick was the second son of the former Prime Minister Robert Peel. He was said to be the most like his father in looks and aptitude. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge and became a barrister in 1849 the same year he was elected in an unopposed by-election at the age of 26. Two years later Russell appointed him Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies and he regained the position under Aberdeen. When War and Colonies were split in 1854 he held the latter brief but switched to war under Palmerston. For the 1852 election he switched to the family seat of Bury but lost in 1857 to Robert Phillips another Liberal.
Frederick regained the seat in 1859 and in 1860 he was appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury holding the post until he lost his seat to Phillips again in 1865.
In 1873 he became president of the Railway and Canal Commission. He stayed in the role until 1888 but remained a commissioner until his death.
He died in 1906 aged 82.
Sunday, 14 April 2013
116 Joseph Crook
Constituency : Bolton 1852-61
Joseph was another Lancashire cotton manufacturer. He was a member of the Anti-Corn Law League. Once in Parliament he introduced a private member's bill in 1860 to improve the pay and conditions of women working in the dyeing and bleaching industry.
Joseph was a Unitarian Radical who supported the Bolton Education League and the association for the founding of nondenominational schools. He was a pacifist and wanted reductions in military expenditure. He supported the ballot and parliamentary reform ( he attracted criticism for supporting Derby's bill in 1859). He attracted the nickname of "the self acting mule".
Joseph resigned in 1861 for commercial reasons as he had to find alternative cotton supplies as a result of the American Civil War.
He died in 1884 at the age of 75.
115 James Pilkington
Constituency : Blackburn 1847-65
James was a Congregationalist cotton merchant and Deputy Lieutenant of Lancashire.
He was a public benefactor and financed the founding of Blackburn Infirmary.
In September 1862 he was attacked in the street in London and nearly garroted. This inspired a similar episode in Trollope's Phineas Finn.
He died in 1890 aged 85.
Saturday, 13 April 2013
114 Thomas Milner Gibson
Constituency : Ipswich 1837-9 ( Tory), Manchester 1841-57, Ashton-under-Lyne 1857-68
We now move to the north west.
Thomas was the son of an army officer from Suffolk who was serving in Trinidad at the time of hs birth. He was educated at a number of schools before going to Cambridge. He started political life as a Tory and was elected for Ipswich at 31. However he had a Pauline conversion to the Liberal cause and honourably resigned his seat, being defeated at the by-election. He became a zealous free trader and despite being a landowner rather than businessman became "third man" of the Manchester School. He was a major asset to the Anti-Corn Law League as an accomplished orator with a noted sense of humour. He returned as MP for the city in 1841. When Russell came to power in 1846 he made Thomas Vice-President of the Board of Trade with a view to promoting free trade policies. He held the post until 1848 when he resigned fearing that his association with the government might compromise his constituency support. As a leading member of the "Peace Party" and a strong critic of Palmerston ( he seconded the motion of censure on his Chinese policy and opposed the Crimean War ) who denounced him as unpatriotic , he lost his seat in 1857 but managed to get back in for Ashton-under-Lyne. This enabled him to propose the motion against the Conspiracy Bill in 1858 which brought down Palmerston's government; indeed it was said to be his speech that alerted Lord Derby that a government defeat was possible. Thomas himself had not expected the result.
In 1859 , after being returned unopposed, Thomas accepted Cabinet Office from Palmerston as President of the Board of Trade to cement the Liberal Party, for which he was criticised by his old ally Cobden despite the latter's pledge to support the government while he remained in it.. Palmerston's acceptance of Russell's £6 borough franchise made it easier for him to accept office as the radical representative in the Cabinet. He allowed himself to be persuaded that the abandonment of the Bill in 1860 was justified by the lack of enthusiasm in the country. He maintained " it is of no use to complain of governments being exclusive and aristocratic if when they open the door you won't enter". He supported Cobden's commercial treaty with France in the hope that it would reduce the public appetite for rearmament. Nevertheless Cobden still came to regard him as "the buffer to prevent our hitting his chief as he deserves."
Thomas was an enthusiastic supporter of Gladstone's attempt to reduce the paper duties as a former president of the Association for the Repeal of Taxes On Knowledge though he did not favour a major clash with the Lords on the subject. Never as isolationist as Cobden or Bright, he came round to view Palmerston's foreign policy as rational and defensive-minded. He was also one of the more hawkish members of the Cabinet on Italy. He supported Lewis's objections to mediation in the American Civil War . Bright declared that he had become a Whig but they remained friends and Thomas wrote to him for campaign ideas in 1865 saying "office seems to have caused a vacuity in my mind ... I wish you would give me a little hint of the right thing to say at this time."
Thomas was regarded as a successful minister adept at disarming opposition in the corridors of power. He criticised Europe's reluctance to abandon protectionism "the liberality has all been on our side".
Thomas was a Low Church Anglican who severely criticised Disraeli for his attempts to ally with Irish Catholics : "such a combination... was not one that could, or ever ought to, govern England; or ... ever could promote the cause of civil and religious liberty".
Thomas had a relationship with a servant girl and through their liaison became great-grandfather to the Mitford sisters. He was a keen amateur yachtsman.
Thomas was defeated by anti-Irish feeling in Lancashire in 1868 and decided to retire from active politics but maintained a Liberal salon at his home for many years afterwards. In 1869 he declined the governorship of Mauritius. He died on his yacht in Algiers in 1884 aged 77.
Friday, 12 April 2013
113 Robert Ingham
Constituency: South Shields 1832-41, 1852-68
Robert was a Newcastle surgeon's son educated at Harrow and Oxford who became a barrister. He became an MP in 1832 at the age of 39 but lost the seat to a fellow Whig in 1841 due to rumours that he had personally benefited from a scheme to improve the Tyne which disadvantaged Shields vis-a-vis Newcastle . He won it back by a landslide against the Conservatives on his original opponent's retirement eleven years later.
Robert combined his political career with holding various legal offices. He was Recorder of Berwick-upon-Tweed ( 1832-70 ) and Attorney-General of Durham ( 1846-61). Although he was a frequent speaker in the House his name does not seem to have become attached to any particular cause.
He died in 1875 aged 72 and was commemorated by the naming of the local infirmary.
Thursday, 11 April 2013
112 William Lindsay
Constituency : Tynemouth 1854 -9, Sunderland 1859-65
William was born in Scotland and brought up by his minister uncle after the early deaths of both parents. He left home at 15 and worked his passage on a number of ships being seriously injured in a storm in 1834. In 1840 he retired from the sea and bacame a coal agent in Hartlepool. From there he branched out into pig iron and quickly built up a substantial business as a shipbroker with what the Liverpool shipowner Alfred Holt called his "strange mixture of energy, industry, self-reliance egotism [and] pretence".He was said by a journalist W B Synge to be a "kind hearted man with great influence". He was elected at the third attempt at an 1854 by-election after unsuccessful sallies at Monmouth and Dartmouth two years earlier.
William profited from the Crimean War despite restrictions on MPs entering government contracts , first by chartering his vessels to the French and then finding his way around the rules with disguised ownership. When the Admiralty delayed paying him he had the chutzpah to found the Administrative Reform association criticising the War's mismanagement, Not surpisingly this created some enemies for him. After a minor stroke in 1854 he was less involved in the day to day running of the business and more active in supporting naval interests in Parliament.
In 1860 he undertook a major tour of the USA to develop his interests there. It was not undertaken as an official representative of the government but the Foreign Secretary Russell approved all his actions. He subsequently urged the North to accept the de facto separation and received a deluge of hate mail and public criticism as a result. He later had discussions with Louis Napoleon who proposed breaking the naval blockade but these were frustrated by the Ambassador's protests to Russell about unofficial diplomacy and the government's satisfaction that the blockade was hurting France more than them. A friend of the Confederate agent James Mason, William declared for recognition of the South but also urged it to abandon slavery to win more support. In the 1863 the North accused him of blockade running in violation of British neutrality.
Although known as a Radical William was very ambivalent about Parliamentary Reform. He feared that a broader franchise would reduce the quality of MPs as those showing less independence and consistency and following voters' whims would be more successful. He later claimed that only 30 members who voted for the 1867 Reform Act really supported it and a secret ballot would have lead to a large rejection.
In 1864 he suffered another stroke which deprived him of the use of his legs. He retired from Parliament in 1865 but kept up contact with leading politicians including both Gladstone and Disraeli and in 1868 wrote an autobiographical novel The Log of My Years . He died in 1877 after another stroke aged 61.
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