Saturday, 30 March 2013
101 Sir George Cornewall Lewis
Constituency : Herefordshire 1847-52, Radnor 1855-63
Sir George was another important figure in the mid-Victorian period. He was the son of Thomas Lewis the MP for Radnor and later a baronet. He was educated at Eton and Oxford and became a barrister in 1831. Two years later he was appointed to a commission looking at the Irish poor in both islands. A year on he joined Lord Althorp's commission on the church in Ireland. His findings were published as Local Disturbances in Ireland and the Irish Church Question in 1836 in which he condemned the existing situation, accepted the need for some state funding of the Catholic clergy and supported the effective operation of the Poor Law in Ireland. That same year George went to Malta for Baron Glenelg on a two year mission to sort out their administration and legal system. When he returned he took over from his father as a principal poor law commissioner. In 1844 he cemented his status in Whig circles by marrying Theresa Villiers which made him the brother-in-law of Earl Clarendon.
In 1847 George resigned his post in order to become MP for Herefordshire. Russell immediately found him a job as Secretary to the Board of Control but soon moved him on to Under Secretary at the Home Office where he introduced important bills on highways management and parochial assessment. In 1850 he became Financial Secretary to the Treasury. In the 1852 election he lost his seat and failed to win in Peterborough either. He bided his time as editor of the Edinburgh Review before succeeding his father as both baronet and MP for Radnor just as Palmerston came to power. He was almost immediately made Chancellor of the Exchequer in succession to the departing Gladstone, responsible for raising a war loan and additional taxation. George was pacific minded and not really in favour of the war but did his job well , his fiscal strategy keeping the middle class taxpayers supportive of the government. In 1857 he staved off an economic crisis by suspending the Bank Act. He was also a good debater. In 1857 he saw off Gladstone , who went way over the top in the debate, to get his seven pence income tax rate.
He got the budget through even after the government's defeat on the China motion. When Palmerston fell in 1858 George began to worry about his "declining energy and increasing unfitness". He advised Palmerston to concentrate on party unity rather than trying to bring Derby down.
George thought that Bright's speaking tour of 1858-9 in favour of parliamentary reform had actually weakened the reform case because it had alarmed moderates without causing a great stir in the working class constituencies.
George was in some ways more conservative than Palmerston and was alarmed by his plan for life peerages in 1856 - " a sort of order of merit in the House of Lords, without reference to hereditary wealth"
Palmerston had come to greatly like and trust George and when he returned in 1859 George was made Home Secretary after selflessly making way for Gladstone at the Exchequer. He served a very useful political function for Palmerston as a ready-made and credible candidate who could replace Gladstone if need be; the latter's resignation threats could be taken less seriously by the premier. He backed increased military expenditure.George was sceptical about the monarchy and described the statue of Prince Albert as a "puerile monument". In 1861 he reluctantly accepted a move to the War Office to succeed Sidney Herbert. The following year he made his biggest mark on British history by keeping the country out of the American Civil War. There was considerable support led by Russell for proposing British mediation to settle the war which effectively meant recognising the South. George saw that this would lead Britain into the war and circulated a memorandum to the Cabinet underlining the difficulties under international law of what Russell was proposing. This was the back-up a similarly reluctant Palmerston needed and the issue was dropped. Nevertheless George again clashed with Gladstone that year when proposing increases in the Army Estimates.
George had a parallel career as a writer. He was a dilettante intellectual who published work on politics, languages , ancient Rome, astronomy and criminal law.
George was a placid man of moderate and exhaustively considered views. He cultivated a rather dour image and famously , though not altogether seriously, remarked "Life would be tolerable but for its amusements ". He did not enjoy public speaking and disdained theatrics. He was , like Palmerston, esteemed by moderates on both sides of the House. Walter Bagehot described him thus : "He was a safe man, a fair man and an unselfish man". Had he not died suddenly in 1863 aged just 56 he would have been a serious rival to Gladstone for the Liberal succession. Palmerston wrote "It is a great loss privately and politically".
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