Friday, 29 March 2013
100 Henry Bruce
Constituency : Merthyr Tydfil 1852-68, Renfrewshire 1869-73
So we're on to our hundredth MP and he is quite a notable one. Henry was born in Aberdare into an initially modest Glamorganshire landowning family who became wealthy from coal reserves being discovered on their estates when Henry was a young man . He was educated in Wales and became a barrister. He was afflicted with poor health and consequently never built up a large practice. He was a stipendiary magistrate up to his election as an MP. Henry was an Anglican. He was first elected unopposed in 1852.
Henry developed a great interest in educational improvement as a way of civilising the masses in industrial boom towns such as Merthyr. He also supported franchise reform having been impressed by the working class's restraint during Chartist disturbances in Newport. in 1848. Although Henry was a firm Anglican he supported a motion against church rates in 1853.He became a trustee of the Dowlais ironworks and reorganised the management structure.
Henry's managerial talents were spotted by the Liberal leadership. In 1860 Palmerston offfered him the governorship of Madras but he declined. In 1862 Palmerston made him under-secretary at the Home Department under George Grey. The two men had a great deal of mutual respect and Grey honourably gave full credit for his opinions when he quoted them in Cabinet. Henry's biggest contribution in this post was overseeing the extension of the Factories Act to the potteries. In 1864 he was moved to vice-president of the committee of Council on Education and sworn a privy councillor. He held the post until the fall of Russell.
Henry was modest about his own abilities saying "of original ideas I have had none. I put my shoulder to the wheel when others have set it going."
In 1865 Henry went to Ireland after the election to negotiate the future of the Catholic university. He saw the need to get Anglo-Irish relations on a better footing and the major problem as political control by English Protestants "This exclusion gave life and strength to that conviction which the Church Establishment had long since implanted, that they were kept systematically ... in political degradation".
Henry supported the Palmerstonian position that there was no great public appetite for Parliamentary Reform "and every experienced statesman would be guided by the public debate". He was a friend of Layard and involved with him in the Ottoman Bank.
In opposition he developed his ideas on education supporting compulsory education and respect for the wishes of non-conformists in principle. In 1867 he sponsored the Education for the Poor Bill with WE Forster allowing groups of ratepayers to set up a school and decide on religious education by popular vote. The following year they came up with a new bill empowering local authorities to set up schools where neeeded. These were the preliminaries to Forster's famous Act of 1870.
His rise to power was interrupted by losing his seat in 1868 when the newly enfranchised voters, disaffected by Henry's opposition to a secret ballot and hostility to trade unions, chose two Liberals of a more Radical stamp. The Act had increased the electorate more than tenfold and the miners didn't like his support for a double shift system in the coalfield. He also suffered for his refusal to support Welsh disestablishment or even recognise "the existence of any specifically Welsh problems. In 1852 he had said to some opponents at the hustings "You may hold up your dirty hands against me but I'll still be the MP tomorrow"; this was remembered and placards reading "No Dirty Hands" appeared during the campaign. His defeat was one of the sensations of the election and he was "vexed and mortified " by the result, privately describing one of his opponents' populism as "the low, selfish political morality of the majority".
He returned to Parliament for Renfrewshire in an 1869 by-election - his literature made a sour comment about the superior intelligence of the Scottish working class - and was made Home Secretary by Gladstone who referred to him as "heaven born" for the role. His major contribution was the Licensing Bill of 1871 which was defeated by opposition from both the brewing interest and the temperance lobby. The eventual , milder Act of 1872 was the work of the Liberal Lord Kimberley . More positively his Trades Union Act of 1871 gave some statutory protection to unions although they didn't like the clauses preventing intimidation towards other workers. Ironically in view of the Merthyr controversy his Mines Regulation Act of 1872 increased safety regulation and further curtailed the employment of boys. He also helped Gladstone choose a Welsh-speaking bishop for St Asaph's.
In 1873 Gladstone , needing to move Robert Lowe out of the Exchequer persuaded him to go to the Lords and become Lord President of the Council, Henry's choice from three roles offered. Henry became Baron Aberdare and the Tories won the by-election.
Henry's political career effectively ended with the Liberal defeat in 1874 for which his Licensing Bill was widely blamed and he had no role in Gladstone's subsequent ministries. Gladstone's private secretary Sir Algernon West was deeply impressed with Henry's acceptance that there was nothing for him in 1880 - "he accepted his exclusion, when it came, without a murmur and without a disloyal thought towards the party of the chief who set him aside. I know of no greater test of character than this."
He became a Fellow of the Royal Society and accepted educational trusteeships. He obtained a charter for what became Cardiff University where there is a statue commemorating him. He was also in demand as a chairman for commissions even when the Tories were in power. , Disraeli appointing him to one on noxious vapors in 1876. In 1888 he headed a commission on refining capital punishment methods for humane purposes. His last commission was for Gladstone in 1893 on the aged poor. He was also involved in the colonisation of Africa becoming chairman of the African National Company which created Nigeria. A range of mountains in Kenya are still named the Aberdares after him.
He was chosen as first Chancellor of the University of Wales in 1895 in recognition of his tireless efforts for Welsh education but died of flu just two weeks later aged 79.
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