Thursday, 30 May 2013
163 John Bright
Constituency : City of Durham 1843-7, Manchester 1847-57, Birmingham 1858-85, Birmingham Central 1885-9
I first became aware of John Bright in 1975 when Rochdale Council opened a museum ( unfortunately short-lived ) in the old St Chad's vicarage and there was a considerable amount of exhibition space devoted to this obviously prominent son of the town. It wasn't until doing O Level History a few years later that I realised he was a figure of national importance.
John was a Quaker from Rochdale whose father had started a cotton mill in 1809. He was a delicate child educated locally before going into the mill and becoming a partner in the business. He became interested in political questions such as parliamentary reform early in life and cut his teeth as an orator with the Rochdale Juvenile Temperance Band. His association with Richard Cobden began in the late 1830s when the latter noticed his speaking talents at an education meeting in Rochdale and drew him into the Anti-Corn Law League. Bright's success as a passionate orator at vast public meetings meant he was already known and feared when he entered Parliament in a by-election in 1843. As well as championing free trade he opposed the Factories Act is an unwanted interference with free enterprise and gave early notice of his hostility towards Catholicism by voting against the Maynooth grant which even Cobden supported. However he opposed Russell's Ecclesiastical Titles Bill as "a little, paltry, miserable measure". He organised the "whip round" which got Cobden out of his business difficulties in 1845.
John was returned unopposed for Manchester in 1847 and consolidated his prominence as a radical supporting the abolition of capital punishment, church rates, flogging in the army and the Irish Established Church. He also supported retrenchment and a pacific foreign policy. In the latter field he identified Palmerston as his great political enemy. He pursued him over Afghanistan and the matter of Burnes's dispatches and was a fierce opponent of the Crimean War telling the House in 1855 "The angel of death has been abroad throughout the land. You may almost hear the beating of his wings". He was dismayed by Palmerston's emergence as Prime Minister "What a hoax" and paid the price with defeat at the 1857 election though he soon returned in a by-election at Birmingham.
No sooner was John back in the House than he embarked on a nationwide speaking tour to agitate for and built a groundswell of support for parliamentary reform. As an exercise in political suicide it was hard to beat. John's intemperance in slamming the landed classes and condemning Palmerstonian foreign policy " a gigantic system of outdoor relief for the aristocracy" alienated old friends and made no new ones. He hoped to stir up working class support but as the trade unionist Ernest Jones put it " We are not going to depose aristocracy merely that the millocracy be enthroned instead. " Cobden wrote pointedly to him that there was more chance of wage strikes in his own back yard than a workers' rising for a new reform bill. After one of his meetings at Edinburgh the editor of The Scotsman was inundated with requests from those who'd been on the platform with John not to print their names. His failure was crowned by a rebuff from Russell who told him "it would destroy all my influence with... the sane part of the community if I were supposed to have any connection with his views and projects". Palmerston watched on with glee noting that John had "now openly avowed those sentiments by which I have long seen that he is actuated, hatred of everything which forms the substance of our institutions."
The 1859 election followed on the defeat of Derby's Reform Bill which John had attacked as the "country gentleman's bill". He tried to build up Russell as an alternative to Palmerston as head of the Liberal party and spoke moderately at the Willis's Tea Room meeting but the tide of affairs as war loomed over Italy was moving Palmerston's way. The upshot was a Palmerston government that included Milner Gibson but not him. Palmerston's explanation was that " it is his attacks on powerful bodies that can make their resentment felt". As if to prove the premier's point the consolation prize of a privy councillorship was vetoed by the Court.
The early 1860s were a frustrating time for John particularly after Russell's Reform Bill was shelved. He looked for ways to bring Palmerston down . In 1861 he wrecked Dunlop's censure motion over Denmark by going over the top and accusing Palmerston of forgery. He was conveniently distracted by the American Civil War becoming a strong supporter of the Northern cause. He celebrated papal losses in 1859-60 -"to despoil the monarch-priest of Rome of.... almost all...his territories...has given wonderful pleasure"
When Palmerston died in 1865, Russell and Gladstone were nervous over how Bright would influence the chances of their own Reform Bill. Gladstone had said in 1865 "his support would sink the government and the bill together. " John did support their efforts and when a Liberal opposition coalesced it was his Biblical allusion to the "Cave of Adullam" which attached itself to them.
After the bill went down in 1866 John was careful to behave himself in opposition and show loyalty to Gladstone. He did not support the so-called Tea Room Revolt by mainstream Liberal MPs wanting to support Disraeli's Bill. He was rewarded in 1868 with a place in Gladstone's first Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade. There is general agreement that he made a poor, ineffective minister owing his place to his status as premier radical rather than ability. In fact John's politics were now in the mainstream of Liberalism and he posed few challenges to Gladstone's policies. He served almost as his press officer building up the image of the "People's William". He resigned his post in 1871 following an attack of nervous depression but was readmitted in the dog days of the administration as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1873.
John was now surrounded in Birmingham by Liberals of a more advanced stamp than he as Chamberlain made his mark. He was reappointed as Chancellor in 1880 but resigned in 1882 as a protest against the bombing of Alexandria, "a jobber's war".
John's final break with Gladstone came in May 1886 when he declared his opposition to the Home Rule Bill. He detested the Nationalists saying "If they were friendly and loyal we might easily arrange something but how can we give or offer anything that a rebel party can accept ?" Chamberlain credited John's decision to vote against the second reading as being influential amongst those who might otherwise have abstained. In the 1886 election campaign John made a single , widely-reported speech to his constituents urging them to vote for the Union before the Liberal party. Many prominent Gladstonians attributed their defeat to this speech. He is "credited" with the slogan "Home Rule means Rome rule".
John played little part in his final Parliament as a Liberal Unionist MP but was noted as having voted with the Conservatives to increase coercive powers in Ireland in 1887 when a different vote might have broken up the "coalition". His and Gladstone's mutual respect remained intact and both felt the pain of political separation. In 1888 John fell seriously ill and died in March 1889 at the age of 77. Lord Salisbury paid a generous tribute to him as the finest orator of his age.
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