Thursday, 2 May 2013
134 Richard Cobden
Constituency : Stockport 1841-7 , West Riding 1847-57, Rochdale 1859-65
Now we arrive at one of the towering figures of the age, a man whose ideas still influence our politics today.
Richard was the son of a farmer from Sussex who also had dealings in malt. He had a basic education then joined his uncle's firm at 15 and worked as a commercial traveller. He spent most of his spare time studying at the London Institution. In 1828 , with two associates, he set up his own business in calico printing which rapidly expanded, Richard becoming manager of its Manchester outlet in 1832. Richard moved into the city that year. Richard divided his time between commercial activity and scholarship soon beginning to publish economic pamphlets of his own. His first, England, Ireland and America by a Manchester Manufacturer set out the principles of peace, retrenchment and free trade which guided his career thereafter with perfect consistency. After touring the USA , he produced a pamphlet Russia criticising the balance of power strategy pursued by the Foreign Secretary , Lord Palmerston.
Richard was making inroads into politics , becoming an alderman in Manchester and campaigning for popular education. He first stood for Stockport in 1837 as a Radical but was narrowly defeated. In 1838 an association was formed in Manchester to oppose the corn laws which, at Richard's suggestion, became the national Anti-Corn Law League. Richard was unhappy at being passed over as candidate for Manchester in favour of the landowning Milner Gibson : "What wonder that we are scorned by the landed aristocracy, when we take such o show our contempt of ourselves". In 1841 he was elected for Stockport and made his maiden speech on the corn laws holding his ground amid much baying from the protectionists. Richard had a wider purpose in gathering together the forces of middle class radicalism on the issue ; "I think the scattered elements may yet be rallied round the question of the corn laws. It appears to me that a moral and even a religious spirit may be infused into that topic"
He became acknowledged leader of the entrepreneurial Radicals. Richard and his associates took the fight to the country with huge public meetings. He was an effective public speaker but no demagogue, presenting his arguments with cool lucidity and eschewing passionate rhetoric. This approach soon won him the respect of the House and crucially the Prime Minister Robert Peel who gave the League their triumph by repealing the Corn Laws, the pivotal political event of the century. Peel's resignation speech gave Richard full credit for this achievement and a public subscription raised £80,000 to compensate him for business neglect. The incoming Prime Minister Lord Russell invited him to join the government but Richard's health was becoming precarious and he declined. However his fame had spread abroad and he was unable to resist invitations to promote the liberal cause in more repressive countries. While abroad there was an election. He was nominated for the West Riding as well as Stockport as a precaution but he won both and chose to sit for the former.
Richard now became a peace campaigner taking up the causes of international arbitration and arms reduction. For him the pursuit of free trade was a means to peace rather than an end in itself. In 1850 he was one of the main speakers in the Don Pacifico debate proclaiming the eternal verities - "the maintenance of peace , the spread of commerce and the diffusion of education". In the early 1850s he sought to calm passions aroused by the ascent of Louis Napoleon to power , in doing so sacrificing all his previous popularity. He attracted further opprobrium by opposing Britain's involvement in the Crimean War and the maintenance of Turkey-in-Europe , suggesting the Russian threat had been exaggerated. In 1857 , after careful study of the appropriate documents he drafted a motion of censure against British naval action in China which led, through opportunistic Tory support , to Palmerston's defeat and subsequent dissolution. Standing for Huddersfield Richard was defeated in the general election that followed and retired to his country estate. He was not enthusiastic about Bright's great reform crusade of 1858-9 , "I consider that we as a nation are little better than brigands, murderers, and poisoners in our dealings at this moment with half the population of the globe - I would not care to take the "stump" and tell the people as much" . After Bright's incendiary speech at Glasgow trying to stir up the working class he wrote to him "There is more likelihood of a strike for wages throughout your district next spring than a rising for Parliamentary reform."
Richard made another trip to the United States and was out of the country for the 1859 election. He had been selected for his friend John Bright's fiefdom of Rochdale and was returned unopposed. He was unaware of the Willis's Tea Room meeting and returned to find an invitation to join Palmerston's Liberal Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade. "Why don't you come into the citadel of power ?" asked the premier. Despite the entreaties of friends to accept, Richard told Palmerston frankly that he had criticised him too much in the past to honourably accept office under him but he gave an unsolicited pledge to support the government while Milner Gibson was in the cabinet. Instead he proposed a diplomatic mission to negotiate a free trade treaty with France which the Liberal leaders approved although initially Richard went on his own account. Despite the storm provoked in Paris by Palmerston's proposals for fortifying British naval arsenals against France, Richard was finally able to secure a treaty in November 1860. With characteristic gloominess he remarked on its signing, "It is a sad conclusion to have to come to that the merchant's ledger is to do more than the Bible to carry out the Christian precept of peace and goodwill". Gladstone paid a fulsome tribute to his achievement. Palmerston offered him a baronetcy which was again declined.
Richard remained a disgruntled critic of the Palmerston government. He proposed naval limitation talks with France which Palmerston considered utopian and praised a speech of Disraeli's in 1861 which flirted with the ideas. However he was disgusted with the Tories for fleeing the battlefield in 1862 when Palmerston threatened a vote of confidence over retrenchment. He called for former Radicals to go into opposition as Palmerston had no views "beyond the wish to hold office by following the popular passions of the time" and the presence of Milner Gibson and Gladstone in the Cabinet prevented "honesty in public life".
Despite his Lancastrian connections Richard's sympathies were with the North in the American Civil War because of the South's association with slavery. He supported the North's case for compensation over the Alabama incident.
Although the later Liberty and Property League liked to cite him as an inspiration for their hard line laissez-faire views Richard never sought to maintain aristocratic privilege. He deplored feudal institutions and was an instinctive moderniser. Unlike many of his fellow manufacturers from the North he was an Anglican who disliked and often expressed his irritation at Nonconformist bigotry and militancy.
However Richard's health was now seriously in decline ( as were his finances). He had a recurring bronchial irritation and respiratory difficulties. He had to keep indoors when it was damp or cold or go abroad. He wished to lead a trade union Reform agitation and in November 1864 he went to Rochdale for a public meeting which laid him low but the following March he determined to go to the Commons to resist proposals for strengthening the defences of Canada which he had long considered could not be militarily protected. In doing so he caught the chill which finished him off at the age of 61. He was the subject of generous tributes from all sides of the House and from France. Politicians of all stripes have debated his legacy ever since.
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