Friday, 31 May 2013
164 William Scholefield
Constituency : Birmingham 1847-67
William was the son of an iron manufacturer , merchant and banker whose father had been one of the first Birmingham MPs in 1832. William spent some time in Canada and the States before returning to Birmingham in 1837 to work in his father's business. He became involved in municipal politics as Birmingham became a borough and in 1839 he was chosen as first mayor of the city. He was involved with the Birmingham Political Union and therefore sympathetic to the Chartists. In 1844 his father died and William was invited to contest the by-election to replace him. He was defeated by the Conservatives but came in at the 1847 election despite the refusal of the sitting Radical MP Charles Muntz to do anything to support him.
William was regarded as a radical who supported the extension of the franchise , free trade and religious liberty. He opposed the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill. In 1856 he chaired a select committee on food adulteration following the work of Birmingham scientist John Postgate. The following year he introduced a bill requiring food analysts to be appointed by local councils with powers to fine but it offended laissez-faire principles and had to be withdrawn.
In 1859 William disappointed fellow radicals by disavowing the fierce criticisms of the current parliamentary establishment made by Bright on his great reform tour. Cobden described him as a "good natured weakling".
He died of heart failure in 1867 aged 57.
Thursday, 30 May 2013
163 John Bright
Constituency : City of Durham 1843-7, Manchester 1847-57, Birmingham 1858-85, Birmingham Central 1885-9
I first became aware of John Bright in 1975 when Rochdale Council opened a museum ( unfortunately short-lived ) in the old St Chad's vicarage and there was a considerable amount of exhibition space devoted to this obviously prominent son of the town. It wasn't until doing O Level History a few years later that I realised he was a figure of national importance.
John was a Quaker from Rochdale whose father had started a cotton mill in 1809. He was a delicate child educated locally before going into the mill and becoming a partner in the business. He became interested in political questions such as parliamentary reform early in life and cut his teeth as an orator with the Rochdale Juvenile Temperance Band. His association with Richard Cobden began in the late 1830s when the latter noticed his speaking talents at an education meeting in Rochdale and drew him into the Anti-Corn Law League. Bright's success as a passionate orator at vast public meetings meant he was already known and feared when he entered Parliament in a by-election in 1843. As well as championing free trade he opposed the Factories Act is an unwanted interference with free enterprise and gave early notice of his hostility towards Catholicism by voting against the Maynooth grant which even Cobden supported. However he opposed Russell's Ecclesiastical Titles Bill as "a little, paltry, miserable measure". He organised the "whip round" which got Cobden out of his business difficulties in 1845.
John was returned unopposed for Manchester in 1847 and consolidated his prominence as a radical supporting the abolition of capital punishment, church rates, flogging in the army and the Irish Established Church. He also supported retrenchment and a pacific foreign policy. In the latter field he identified Palmerston as his great political enemy. He pursued him over Afghanistan and the matter of Burnes's dispatches and was a fierce opponent of the Crimean War telling the House in 1855 "The angel of death has been abroad throughout the land. You may almost hear the beating of his wings". He was dismayed by Palmerston's emergence as Prime Minister "What a hoax" and paid the price with defeat at the 1857 election though he soon returned in a by-election at Birmingham.
No sooner was John back in the House than he embarked on a nationwide speaking tour to agitate for and built a groundswell of support for parliamentary reform. As an exercise in political suicide it was hard to beat. John's intemperance in slamming the landed classes and condemning Palmerstonian foreign policy " a gigantic system of outdoor relief for the aristocracy" alienated old friends and made no new ones. He hoped to stir up working class support but as the trade unionist Ernest Jones put it " We are not going to depose aristocracy merely that the millocracy be enthroned instead. " Cobden wrote pointedly to him that there was more chance of wage strikes in his own back yard than a workers' rising for a new reform bill. After one of his meetings at Edinburgh the editor of The Scotsman was inundated with requests from those who'd been on the platform with John not to print their names. His failure was crowned by a rebuff from Russell who told him "it would destroy all my influence with... the sane part of the community if I were supposed to have any connection with his views and projects". Palmerston watched on with glee noting that John had "now openly avowed those sentiments by which I have long seen that he is actuated, hatred of everything which forms the substance of our institutions."
The 1859 election followed on the defeat of Derby's Reform Bill which John had attacked as the "country gentleman's bill". He tried to build up Russell as an alternative to Palmerston as head of the Liberal party and spoke moderately at the Willis's Tea Room meeting but the tide of affairs as war loomed over Italy was moving Palmerston's way. The upshot was a Palmerston government that included Milner Gibson but not him. Palmerston's explanation was that " it is his attacks on powerful bodies that can make their resentment felt". As if to prove the premier's point the consolation prize of a privy councillorship was vetoed by the Court.
The early 1860s were a frustrating time for John particularly after Russell's Reform Bill was shelved. He looked for ways to bring Palmerston down . In 1861 he wrecked Dunlop's censure motion over Denmark by going over the top and accusing Palmerston of forgery. He was conveniently distracted by the American Civil War becoming a strong supporter of the Northern cause. He celebrated papal losses in 1859-60 -"to despoil the monarch-priest of Rome of.... almost all...his territories...has given wonderful pleasure"
When Palmerston died in 1865, Russell and Gladstone were nervous over how Bright would influence the chances of their own Reform Bill. Gladstone had said in 1865 "his support would sink the government and the bill together. " John did support their efforts and when a Liberal opposition coalesced it was his Biblical allusion to the "Cave of Adullam" which attached itself to them.
After the bill went down in 1866 John was careful to behave himself in opposition and show loyalty to Gladstone. He did not support the so-called Tea Room Revolt by mainstream Liberal MPs wanting to support Disraeli's Bill. He was rewarded in 1868 with a place in Gladstone's first Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade. There is general agreement that he made a poor, ineffective minister owing his place to his status as premier radical rather than ability. In fact John's politics were now in the mainstream of Liberalism and he posed few challenges to Gladstone's policies. He served almost as his press officer building up the image of the "People's William". He resigned his post in 1871 following an attack of nervous depression but was readmitted in the dog days of the administration as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1873.
John was now surrounded in Birmingham by Liberals of a more advanced stamp than he as Chamberlain made his mark. He was reappointed as Chancellor in 1880 but resigned in 1882 as a protest against the bombing of Alexandria, "a jobber's war".
John's final break with Gladstone came in May 1886 when he declared his opposition to the Home Rule Bill. He detested the Nationalists saying "If they were friendly and loyal we might easily arrange something but how can we give or offer anything that a rebel party can accept ?" Chamberlain credited John's decision to vote against the second reading as being influential amongst those who might otherwise have abstained. In the 1886 election campaign John made a single , widely-reported speech to his constituents urging them to vote for the Union before the Liberal party. Many prominent Gladstonians attributed their defeat to this speech. He is "credited" with the slogan "Home Rule means Rome rule".
John played little part in his final Parliament as a Liberal Unionist MP but was noted as having voted with the Conservatives to increase coercive powers in Ireland in 1887 when a different vote might have broken up the "coalition". His and Gladstone's mutual respect remained intact and both felt the pain of political separation. In 1888 John fell seriously ill and died in March 1889 at the age of 77. Lord Salisbury paid a generous tribute to him as the finest orator of his age.
Wednesday, 29 May 2013
162 Sir Thomas Winnington
Constituency : Bewdley 1837-47, 1852-68
Sir Thomas was a Whig baronet who succeeded his father in the seat.
He was High Sherriff of Worcestershire from 1851 to 1852. In the 1860s he was on the Standing Orders Committee.
He died in 1872 aged 60.
Tuesday, 28 May 2013
161 Sir John Ramsden
Constituency : Taunton 1853-7, Hythe 1857-9, West Riding 1859-65, Monmouth Boroughs 1868-74, Eastern West Riding 1880-85, Osgoldcross 1885-6
There aren't many MPs who get to represent six different constituencies. John was a considerable landowner and baronet owning most of Huddersfield as Lord of the Manor and large estates in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and the Highlands. His mother was a Fitzwilliam.John's political career began early when he was elected for Taunton in 1853 aged just 21. He switched to Hythe in 1857 and was appointed Under-Secretary for War by Palmerston.
John was a Palmerstonian moderate and unenthusiastic about Parliamentary Reform, fearing it would effectively disenfranchise the higher classes. He got into trouble in the West Riding after supporting Reform in his 1859 campaign speeches. When it became clear he was acting to resist it ( such as voting against Baines's bill for reforming the borough franchise ) there were angry denunciations from the radicals in Yorkshire. One Thomas Jessop wrote to him "An open Enemy I can understand but a treacherous friend I cannot tolerate" . John did not help himself with an angry response to his critics claiming that he represented the real feelings of Liberal MPs. His problems did not go unnoticed by no 10 and he was no longer considered a potential asset to the government. He was "persuaded" to step down in 1865.
That same year John married a daughter of the Duke of Somerset and became High Sheriff of Yorkshire.
John returned to Parliament in 1868 for Monmouth Boroughs capturing the formerly Tory seat with the support of newly-enfranchised Irish immigrants but they regained it in 1874. John was back again in 1880 representing Eastern West Riding ( after an unsuccessful attempt in 1874) and then the new seat of Osgoldcross ( styling himself an "Independent Liberal" ) in 1885. He sealed his fate by joining the Liberal Unionists in 1886 and was defeated.
He died in 1914 aged 82.
Monday, 27 May 2013
160 Sir Francis Crossley
Constituency : Halifax 1852-9, West Riding 1859-65 , North West Riding 1865-72
Francis was the son of a Congregationalist carpet manufacturer from Halifax, the youngest of five sons. He was educated in Halifax and his father made him work at his own loom in the mill. As Francis grew up the family firm became the biggest carpet manufacturer in the world employing over 5.000 people. Francis became mayor of Halifax in 1849.
Francis is best remembered for his philanthropy in the town, the physical evidence of which is still plentiful. In 1855 he constructed 21 almshouses with an endowment giving 6 shillings a week to each person. Two years later he opened the 12 acre People's Park and invested a sum for its maintenance. With his brothers he built an orphanage and school at Skircoat Manor in the 1860s. He gave a £20,000 donation to the London Missionary Society and was generous in support of his faith. When the family firm became a limited company some shares were offered to workmen. He did spend some of his fortune on himself , purchasing the large estate of Somerleyton Hall in Suffolk in 1862.
In 1863 Francis was created a baronet on the urging of Lord Shaftesbury. He sat on the Boundary Commission in 1867. He was a campaigner for removing legal discrimination against Dissenters.
In his politics Francis was a Radical who harassed Palmerston over reform. However he did not impress Cobden who described him as a rich political booby. In turn Francis repudiated his and Bright's claim in 1863 that the restricted franchise was responsible for mental and physical deprivation, saying the non-voters had "no very great grievance". In 1864 Palmerston came to Bradford for a public meeting and Francis spoke from the platform of his pain whenever the premier blocked domestic reform proposals.
He died in 1872 after a long illness aged 54.
Sunday, 26 May 2013
159 Edward Cayley
Constituency : North Riding 1832-62
Edward was from a big landowning family. His parents were remarkable for both being deaf and dumb. He was educated at Rugby and Oxford. He was a noted cricketer.
Edward was an awkward, independent-minded MP who described himself as "not a Whig but a Reformer". However he opposed further extension of the franchise and was a Protectionist in the 1840s. As a farmer himself he often supported the interests of the smallholder to the annoyance of Northern Whigs.
He died in office in 1862 aged 59.
Saturday, 25 May 2013
158 Joshua Westhead
Constituency : Knaresborough 1847 -52 , City of York 1857-65 , 1868-71
Joshua was a Wesleyan manufacturer from Manchester , a director of the Trent Valley Railway Company and a considerable Irish landowner. He was prominent in the campaign against the Corn Laws ; in 1839 he published an open letter to Peel warning about the dangers of interruption to the US cotton supplies and outlining his own radical visions.
He resigned his seat in 1871.
He died in 1877 aged 70.
Friday, 24 May 2013
157 John Roebuck
Constituency : Bath 1832-7, 1841-7 , Sheffield 1849-68 , 1874-9
John was one of the great parliamentary characters of the mid-Victorian period. He was a minor aristocrat whose father worked in the civil service. He was born in Madras and brought up in Canada following his widowed mother's remarriage. He returned to England in 1824 , became a barrister and fell under the influence of the utilitarian reformers of the day such as Mill. He was first elected for Bath in 1832 supporting householder suffrage and the ballot. He lost no time in making his presence felt by attacking Palmerston's Spanish policy. He was a member of the British North American Association and supported Canadian interests in Parliament. He produced pamphlets promoting his views and in 1835 fought a duel against a newspaper editor who took exception to a charge made in them. He lost the seat in 1837 due to his outspoken criticisms of the Whigs then regained it in 1841. In 1847 fell victim to a concerted attack by the Nonconformist militants enraged by his opposition to voluntaryism in education and support for the Maynooth grant. He returned for Sheffield in 1849.
John styled himself a philosophic Radical but he was more of a natural rebel who denounced all "shams". He was short and lame but a fiery speaker who cherished his independence. His criticism and invective made him more popular outside the House than in it. John Vincent describes him as a "perfectly disinterested nuisance". Although joining the Reform Club in 1836 he remained very antagonistic towards the Whigs who had "ever been an exclusive and aristocratic faction , though at times employing democratic principles and phrases as weapons of offence against their opponents". They were demagogues out of office and exclusive oligarchs when they held it. He was a fierce critic of Palmerston accusing him of global interference and claiming that the interests of commerce should come before any balance of power considerations. However they were not always opposed and John moved the motion supportive of Palmerston over the Don Pacifico affair. They clashed fiercely in 1856 with Palmerston claiming John was supporting America against Britain over the Mosquito Coast.
In 1852 he was prepared to support Aberdeen saying "Lord John will never again unite us. Lord Palmerston, though popular, wants the support of the sedate portion of politicians." Despite his he brought down the Aberdeen government by successfully calling for a select committee of enquiry into the conduct of the Crimean War (which he had supported) . The motion was carried despite John being too ill to say more than a few words. He chaired the proceedings but did not have things his own way with the committee accepting the Seymour Report which indicted the system rather than scapegoating individuals. He went on to chair the Administrative Reform Association
John was present at the Willis's Tea Room gathering where he declared that he would never serve under Palmerston because of the Conspiracy to Murder Bill. He supported Bright's parliamentary reform campaign.
In later years John became much more right wing and a strong supporter of his erstwhile foe Lord Palmerston. In 1862 he alienated working class supporters with a speech at Salisbury declaring them spendthrift and wife beaters. He wanted Britain to recognise the South in the American Civil War and canvassed the support of Napoleon III for it. He detested Gladstone and was more than happy to support Disraeli in the debates on the Second Reform Act . He also defended Austrian rule in Italy as he had business interests in Austrian railways. In 1868 as a result of these faux pas and his denunciation of trade unions he was ejected from Sheffield by Anthony Mundella but regained the second seat when George Hadfield stood down in 1874. In the ensuing years John moreorless went over to the Conservatives , supporting Disraeli's Turkish policy against Gladstone and receiving a privy councillorship in 1878. Mundella later blamed his stance for softening up the seat for the Tories "Unitarianism and Wesleyan Toryism abounds and even Congregationalists have gone over to the enemy since 1874. All owing to the long reign of Roebuck and the Jingo tendencies of the people".
He died in London in 1879 aged 77.
Thursday, 23 May 2013
156 George Hadfield
Constituency : Sheffield 1852-74
George was a Sheffield merchant's son who became a solicitor in Manchester. He was a Congregationalist who became involved in a long-running Nonconformist charity case which was only resolved by the Disssenter's Chapels Act of 1844 which he helped to frame. He became a leading advocate of disestablishing the Anglican church and expelling the bishops from the Lords, rebuking the London campaigner Dr Wilson for his gradualist moderation.He was instrumental in founding the Lancashire Independent College in 1840. He first stood for Parliament at Bradfield in 1835 but was defeated. He then played his part in the Anti-Corn Law League.
Once elected in 1852 George was an active parliamentarian, an advanced liberal who spoke frequently and whose advice on legal reform was valued. He played a large part in the Common Law Procedure Act of 1854 and authored the Qualification for Offices Abolition Act of 1866. He supported household suffrage.
In 1860 George attracted a lot of derision in the House when he tried to get a prize fight banned by the Home Secretary. In 1864 Sheffield suffered a disastrous flood and George ( a substantial shareholder in the waterworks ) pledged £500 for relief. He became an ardent imperialist seeking to develop India for the benefit of British commerce.
J Griffin, a former pastor wrote of him "No influences or inducements of any kind could make him swerve by a hair's breadth from what he believed to be the path of duty. Sometimes, no doubt, this stern, unbending integrity gave to his decisions and proceedings an appearance of self-will and ruggedness of temper ... He wondered how any persons could halt or hesitate in the prosecution of aims that appeared to him to be so evidently just and good"
He died in Manchester in 1879 aged 92.
Wednesday, 22 May 2013
155 William Denison
Constituency : Beverley 1857-9, Scarborough 1859-60
William was the son and heir of Baron Londesborough whose uncle had been a banker who had bought his way into the aristocracy and was first elected at the age of 23. He was a Freemason.
William only spoke once in the Commons , to criticise Derby's 1859 Reform Bill as inadequate.
William helped to found Scarborough FC. He also owned racehorses.
He succeeded his father to the barony in 1860. From 1885 he took the Conservative whip and became an ardent Unionist. In 1887 he was upgraded to an earl.
He died in 1900 aged 65.
Tuesday, 21 May 2013
154 John Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone
Constituency : Yorkshire 1830-2, Scarborough 1832-5, 1835-7 1841-57 ( Conservative ), 1857-69
John was a Yorkshire baronet educated at Rugby and Cambridge. He was a major in the West Riding Yeomanry Cavalry. He was another protégé of Earl Fitzwilliam and was first elected in a by-election after the elevation of Henry Brougham to the peerage in 1830. Brougham's supporters were not enthusiastic about him and he faced a token challenge after expressing doubts about the desirability of the secret ballot. He was unopposed after enthusiastically backing the First Reform Act, in 1831. In 1835 he defected from the Whigs to the Conservatives and paid the price for it by losing his seat at the next election. He recovered it in 1841 and held it until his death despite rejoining the Liberal camp in 1857.
John was married to the Archbishop of York's daughter.
John was a shareholder in the New River Company and most of his few parliamentary interventions were on the Metropolis Water Supply Bill in 1851-2.
He died in 1869 aged 69 after falling from his horse while hunting and was succeeded by his son Harcourt.
Monday, 20 May 2013
153 John Greenwood
Constituency : Ripon 1857-65
John was a Wesleyan industrialist who owned both cotton and corn mills. He was a local philanthropist. He was also a Major.He won his previously Conservative seat in the Palmerstonian triumph of 1857.
He died in 1874 aged 45.
Sunday, 19 May 2013
152 John Warre
Constituency : Lostwithiel 1812-18 (Tory ), Taunton 1820-6 , Hastings 1831-4 ,Ripon 1857-60
John came from a well-established Somerset family who had become prosperous through trade. He was educated at Harrow and Oxford. He entered Parliament as the Tory Lord Mount Edgcumbe's placeman at Lostwithiel but soon gravitated towards the Whigs and switched to Weymouth in 1818 where he was unsuccessful. He contested Taunton as an independent championing civil and religious liberty, retrenchment and parliamentary reform. After spending heavily he came in second. His outspoken support for Catholic relief made his position in Taunton difficult and he stood down in 1826 rather than spend a fortune there. He stood for Hastings in 1830 at the behest of the Reform Association. He was defeated but came in unopposed a year later. John retired in 1834 but then stood again unsuccessfully in 1847 and 1852.
John won the previously Conservative seat of Ripon in 1857 and held it until his death.
He died in 1860 aged 73.
Friday, 17 May 2013
151 Henry Rich
Constituency : Knaresborough 1837-41 , Richmond 1846-61
Henry was a close associate of Lord John Russell. He was a whip throughout the first Russell premiership and in 1854 moved a motion supporting Russell's plans for reorganising the War Office.
Henry stood down as an MP in 1861 and was created a baronet two years later.
He died in 1869 aged 66.
150 Marmaduke Wyvill
Constituency : Richmond ( Yorks) 1847-65, 1866-8
Marmaduke is more famous as a chess player than a politician. He was the son of a similarly named MP for York. He improved his position by marriage to a baronet's daughter and was first elected in 1847. Like Monckton Milnes he had proposed to Florence Nightingla but been turned down
Marmaduke was unseated by another Liberal in 1865 but regained it in a by-election in 1866 when his supplanter died. He spoke infrequently in the House , once to express his support for parliamentary reform.In 1868 the seat was reduced to a single member.
Marmaduke was runner-up in the only chess tournament he entered, in London in 1851. A pawn formation is still known as the Wyvill formation.
He died in 1896 aged 80.
Thursday, 16 May 2013
149 Richard Monckton Milnes
Constituency : Pontefract 1837-46 ( Conservative ) 1846-63
Richard was the son of a Yorkshire landowner and grandson of Viscount Galway. He was privately educated and went to Cambridge where he joined the literary Apostles Club rubbing shoulders with the likes of Tennyson. He went travelling in Europe before his election for Pontefract as a Conservative in 1837. He abandoned the Conservatives over the Corn Laws despite a personal antipathy towards Peel for persistently passing him over and attached himself to Lord Palmerston whose light hearted nature and moderate politics matched his own. However Palmerston never thought he was fit for office either.
Richard was very popular socially and not always taken seriously as a politician although George Russell said of him " As years advanced he became not ( as the manner of most men is ) less Liberal but more so ; keener in sympathy with all popular causes; livelier in his indignation against monopoly and injustice." Richard was particularly interested in issues of rehabilitation and redemption ; his sister is quoted as expressing satisfaction at a hanging as an acquittal would have resulted in meeting the man at her brother's breakfast table. Thomas Carlyle said the only office he was fit for was "Perpetual President of the Heaven and Hell Amalgamation Society". He supported franchise extension and women's suffrage but defended bribery at elections.
Richard was noted as a poor speaker in the House, one observer describing his style said "He makes bad speeches of exquisite felicity & joins in the laugh against himself"
Richard was perhaps more famous as a patron of literature who used his position to foster and promote the talents of his gifted associates. He secured a position for Tennyson , publicised the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Algernon Swinburne and found Coventry Patmore a job at the British Museum. His own work includes a travelogue, discussions on church matters, a biography of Keats and two volumes of verse which were popular in their day. He also amassed a huge collection of erotic literature ( with a particular interest in flagellation ) which is now in the British Library .
Richard was turned down by Florence Nightingale after a long pursuit but he remained her champion thereafter. He eventually married the daughter of Baron Crewe and their son Robert became an even more prominent politician and key ally of Asquith.
In 1863 Palmerston created Richard , Baron Houghton. He was President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1865 to 1867. Henry James met him in old age and described him as "A battered and world-wrinkled old mortal with a restless and fidgety vanity , but with an immense fund of real kindness and human feeling ".
He died in 1885 of angina pectoris in Vichy aged 76.
Wednesday, 15 May 2013
148 William Battie-Wrightson
Constituency : East Retford 1826-7, Kingston-Upon-Hull 1830-2, Northallerton 1835-65
William was a wealthy landowner whose father was an MP for Aylesbury. He was a Cambridge-educated barrister. He was originally elected for the venal borough of East Retford at the suggestion of the banker Cecil Foljambe. He came in second after a violent contest but was unseated on petition despite being exonerated of personal wrongdoing. Earl Fitzwilliam invited him to stand for Hull in 1830 which he did on a platform of free trade, retrenchment and the abolition of slavery. He again came in second after a fierce contest during which he was hit on the head by a stone. In 1831 he was returned unopposed. He switched to Northallerton for 1832 because his wife had an interest there but was defeated.
Dod's Parliamentary Companion described him as "a Whig of old principles".
He died in 1879 aged 89.
Tuesday, 14 May 2013
147 Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam
Constituency : Malton 1852-85
Charles was a younger son of Earl Fitzwilliam who owned the Malton constituency to the extent that there was never a contest until 1874 (i.e after the Ballot Act).
As a traditional Whig Charles was something of a thorn in the side to Gladstone. He supported Disraeli over the Second Reform Act. He supported the Whig peers' attempt to amend the Irish Disestablishment Bill and seconded a motion to reject the first Irish Land Bill at third reading.
Charles stepped down when the constituency was abolished in 1885 and died in 1894 aged 68.
Monday, 13 May 2013
146 James Brown
Constituency : Malton 1857-68
James was a wealthy manufacturer who bought a large estate near Boroughbridge.
Malton was a pocket borough in the gift of Earl Fitzwilliam making James a placeman. He had previously stood for Hull in 1847.
James stepped down when Malton was reduced to a single seat in 1868.
He died in 1877 aged 63.
Sunday, 12 May 2013
145 Edward Baines
Constituency : Leeds 1859-74
Edward was the son of a newspaper proprietor of the same name, the owner of the Leeds Mercury. Both his father and brother had been MPs for Leeds , Edward taking over from the latter, whose health was failing, in 1859.
The Leeds Mercury was one of those great provincial newspapers that did so much to promote the Liberal cause in the boroughs and he probably did more for the party outside the House than in it. Edward had a powerful non-conformist conscience and gave great commitment to causes such as the abolition of slavery, working class education on a strictly voluntary and secular basis, temperance ( he was a strict teetotaller ) and the abolition of the corn laws. However the paper did reflect the manufacturers' interests in opposing factory legislation. He was a notable local party boss. He was a witness to the Peterloo massacre. Palmerston's elevation of his brother Matthew to his first Cabinet was thought to be motivated by a desire to keep the Mercury on side. Edward for his part was willing to endorse Palmerston who was "moving with a firm step in the paths of reformation and improvement". Like Cobden he had an exalted sense of middle class virtue writing in 1840 "we do not believe that there is in the world a community so virtuous , so religious and so sober minded as the middle classes in England".
Edward did clash with Palmerston over the methodology for the 1861 census. The government sought to determine the extent of religious allegiance by asking at people's houses rather than taking a head count at church or chapel. Edward and his Dissenting allies immediately saw that this would vastly increase the number of Anglicans over the 1851 figures which had suggested a rough parity between Church and Dissent. They forced the government to abandon the proposal. Palmerston was angry at "the unreasonable bidding of a central cabal wielding an organized hypocrisy" but he realised he had to give way. Edward did not want to give further trouble to the ministry and did not push his triumph as others may have done.
Edward was the leader of the "voluntaries" , those Nonconformists opposed to any state involvement in religious teaching. He opposed Graham's proposals for the education of factory children in 1843 as extending Anglican hegemony - "educational dictatorship" in Edward's phrase.
Edward saw India as "a great commercial adventure...our main object, as a people, is not to civilise or to Christianize.. We hold India, as a nation , for the sake of opening up its commerce, and so of extending .. our own".
In Parliament Edward was most noted for an annual motion in favour of a reduction in the borough franchise. In his general politics he was moderate rather than a Radical. The purpose of his annual motion was to defuse tension and ensure that Parliament wouldn't " ever be composed of lower-class men or fail to contain the foremost men in the kingdom". He was enthusiastic about Cobden's commercial treaty with France and spoke up for it in the House.
Edward was also a prolific author with works on the Lake District and various political topics published.
Edward stood down in 1874 and died in 1890 aged 90.
Friday, 10 May 2013
144 James Clay
Constituency : Kingston upon Hull 1847-53, 1857-73
James was an interesting character, better noted for being an expert on whist than a politician. He was originally a protégé of Lord Durham. He had been unseated for bribery in 1853 before regaining the seat at the 1857 general election. In 1858 he called for future Liberal ministries to be more broadly representative.
James also combined being a Radical with a personal friendship with Benjamin Disraeli.
In 1866 James introduced an Elective Franchise Bill calling for an educational test by which men not otherwise qualified in the boroughs could get on the register for which he was fiercely attacked by Bright.
James died in office aged 69 in 1873, the seat being captured by the Conservatives as a short-term by-election gain.
143 Edward Leatham
Constituency : Huddersfield 1859-65 , 1868-86
Edward was a Quaker scholar who published Charmione : a tale of the great Athenian Revolution in 1858. He is best remembered for being John Bright's brother-in-law.
Edward was first elected for Huddersfield in 1859. In 1861 he organised the Huddersfield College Prize Medals for history and English declamation. He relinquished the seat to Thomas Crosland in 1865 but returned to the Commons in a by-election following Crosland's death in March 1868. In 1875 he acquired an estate in Gloucestershire.
Edward was a strong opponent of women's suffrage caused some amusement in a discussion in women's suffrage by raising the prospect of a bill not passing because the Attorney-General had eloped with the Solicitor-General. He helped form an association of MPs to resist women's demands.
Edward followed his brother-in-law into the Liberal Unionists declaiming in the House " let us too take our stand upon the Union , and say that for us there can only be one England , one law, one Parliament and one throne." It did not help him in Huddersfield and he lost his seat to a Gladstonian.
Edward died in 1900 aged 71.
Edward was a Quaker scholar who published Charmione : a tale of the great Athenian Revolution in 1858. He is best remembered for being John Bright's brother-in-law.
Edward was first elected for Huddersfield in 1859. In 1861 he organised the Huddersfield College Prize Medals for history and English declamation. He relinquished the seat to Thomas Crosland in 1865 but returned to the Commons in a by-election following Crosland's death in March 1868. In 1875 he acquired an estate in Gloucestershire.
Edward was a strong opponent of women's suffrage caused some amusement in a discussion in women's suffrage by raising the prospect of a bill not passing because the Attorney-General had eloped with the Solicitor-General. He helped form an association of MPs to resist women's demands.
Edward followed his brother-in-law into the Liberal Unionists declaiming in the House " let us too take our stand upon the Union , and say that for us there can only be one England , one law, one Parliament and one throne." It did not help him in Huddersfield and he lost his seat to a Gladstonian.
Edward died in 1900 aged 71.
Thursday, 9 May 2013
142 Sir Charles Wood
Constituency : Great Grimsby 1826-31, Wareham 1831-2, Halifax 1832-65, Ripon 1865-6
Sir Charles was the son of a baronet, connected to the Rockingham Whigs but never an MP himself. He was educated at Eton and Oxford and entered Parliament early for the pocket borough of Great Grimsby due to his father's connections. He supported catholic emancipation and repeal of the Test Acts. In 1829 he married the daughter of Earl Grey and became his private secretary when Grey became Prime Minister in 1830. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the Reform Bill and changed seats because it proposed to take away one of Great Grimsby's two seats and was thus unpopular there. He contested Halifax under the new franchise in 1832 and won. He then became Chief Whip in 1832 giving him a useful insight into party management before Melbourne demoted him to First Secretary of the Admiralty in 1835. He gained some kudos in 1839 with a successful defence of the naval estimates but then resigned his post as a gesture of solidarity with his brother-in-law Lord Howick who left the Cabinet after a quarrel with Russell. In opposition he supported Peel's free trade budgets and opposed the ten hour day.
Charles was Russell's second choice for Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1846 after Francis Baring declined. His was not an unhappy tenure for he attracted much of the opprobrium for the government's failure to ameliorate the Irish Famine. The Peel administration had initiated a system of importing corn and public works but Charles rejected both as they offended his laissez-faire principles. The corn imports were disrupting trade and the public works were relieving the Irish landlords of responsibilities that they should shoulder. Charles's own solution was to force the landlords to feed the destitute from ruthlessly collected local rates and encourage the sale of encumbered land but it didn't work. In later years Charles complained that it was "entirely thrown on the Government officers... to find the means of administering food to hundreds of thousands , unassisted by any Irish residents, high or low". He was successful in abolishing the navigation laws but always had a struggle to get his budgets through the House without modification particularly with Gladstone as a critic.
Charles was Whig through and through but had a good political appreciation and realised that the Whigs had to find allies to stay in government. Throughout his tenure as Chancellor he frankly corresponded with Peel on a range of matters until the latter's death and advised Russell to offer office to Peelites on a number of occasions. He was a big player in the discussions that led to the Aberdeen coalition and did more than Russell to ensure that the Whigs were well represented in it. He became President of the Board of Control, a post where he could make use of his knowledge of Indian affairs. He is remembered for "Wood's Despatch " in 1854 which instructed the setting up of a national education system for India. In 1855 he was moved to First Lord of the Admiralty to replace Sir James Graham where he remained until Palmerston's fall in 1858. He leaned towards pacifism and non-intervention in foreign affairs being particularly anxious to avoid provoking Russsia into an attack on India.
After the 1857 election Charles pressed Palmerston to make an announcement on parliamentary reform. He concurred but was angry at Charles' suggestion that the new Liberal majority might turn on him if he delayed or diluted Reform too much.
When Palmerston returned in 1859 he made Charles Secretary of State for India. He renewed the East India Company's Charter and withstood a fierce onslaught from Lancashire's merchants looking to exploit India for cotton as a result of the American Civil War. He also successfully urged caution on the Cabinet over Schleswig-Holstein. As a High Churchman he disliked Palmerston's Low Church appointments.
In 1865 Charles swapped Halifax for the easier seat of Ripon When Palmerston died just after the election he famously said "Our quiet days are over : no more peace for us " at the funeral anticipating Gladstone as leader of the party. When he injured himself falling from a horse in November he used it as an excuse to resign from Russell's Cabinet in February 1866. A few days later he was created 1st Viscount Halifax and resigned his seat. He did not join Lowe and the Adullamites believing that they were strengthening the Radicals at the expense of the Whigs. He initially declined office from Gladstone feeling himself out of step with popular liberalism but by 1870 he was mollified and accepted the office of Lord Privy Seal until the end of the government.
Charles was a gregarious and amiable man but a notoriously poor speaker due to a speech defect. He was often lampooned for his unintelligible speeches in the House but he gradually earned respect for his vast knowledge of public affairs. Behind the scenes he was a skilled operator known as the Spider for his unceasing efforts at maintaining the unity of the liberal party. He was the main peacemaker throughout the 1850s particularly when Palmerston and Russell were quarrelling. He put party before personal ambition being unafraid to criticise his leaders for their conduct at the risk of damaging his personal prospects.
He died in 1885 aged 84.
Wednesday, 8 May 2013
141 Sir James Stansfield
Constituency : Halifax 1859-95
James was a county court judge's son from Halifax and trained in the law himself. He also owned a brewery in Fulham. James became involved with Radical politics from an early age. He was introduced to the Italian revolutionary Mazzini by his father-in-law and frequently spoke at meetings of the Northern Reform Union. He was the protégé of Halifax's senior member Sir Charles Wood.
James was first elected in 1859 and quickly made his name as a supporter of Italian and Polish nationalism , advising Garibaldi on his visit to Britain in 1862. In 1863 Palmerston appointed him Civil Lord of the Admiralty where he displeased some of his fellow Radicals by asserting that no further economies were possible. He felt obliged to resign the following year after narrowly evading a vote of censure for allegedly playing host to and financing violent Italian revolutionaries. The allegations surfaced in a political trial at Paris and Disraeli accused him of " being in correspondence with the assassins of Europe".
In 1866 Russell restored him to the government as under secretary of state for India. He was also favoured by Gladstone who made him a whip in 1868, a very useful aide to his chief , Henry Brand. He was promoted to Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1869 and then to the Cabinet as President of the Poor Law Board in 1871. This was superceded by the Local Government Board of which James became the first President serving until 1874 .
James became obsessed with repeal of the Contagious Diseases Act which he regarded as immoral and oppressive and he declined office in 1880 to pursue this campaign. When this was finally accomplished he returned to Gladstone's third Cabinet in 1886 in his previous post. Also in 1886 he sponsored a women's suffrage Bill.
James stood down at the 1895 general election and his seat was lost to the Conservatives probably due to the intervention of an ILP candidate.
He died in 1898 aged 77.
Tuesday, 7 May 2013
140 Titus Salt
Constituency : Bradford 1859-61
Although Titus's parliamentary career was brief his name was already familiar to me through visits to Saltaire ( see the post on The Settle-Carlisle Way on Clarke Chronicler's Walks ). He is the textbook example of a philanthropic industrialist.
Titus came from a modest background, the son of a Yorkshire farmer and drysalter. He worked in Wakefield as a wool-stapler for two years then joined his father's firm. His fortune was made from the use of alpaca wool to make the cloth of the same name. By the 1840s he was the largest employer in Bradford. In 1848 he was mayor. In 1850 he decided to concentrate his operations in one giant mill away from the polluted and over-crowded city centre and started to create a model village for his workers adjacent to it. The result was Saltaire with its almshouses, hospital, Congregationalist chapel, bathhouses and so on. The streets were named after members of his family. He was not a temperance militant although he did ban beershops in the village.
Titus was a supporter of further parliamentary reform and gave qualified support to the Chartist movement. He supported the ten hour day but was resistant to attempts to end child labour in textile mills and forbade trade unions in his business. However in 1870 he made a large donation to the Beehive trade union newsletter allowing the sale price to be reduced to a penny.
Titus was neither orator nor writer so has to be judged through his actions rather than words.
In 1857 he became President of the Bradford Chamber of Commerce and two years later an MP. He had to resign through ill-health in 1861 . He was created a baronet in 1869 and died in 1876 aged 73. There was a mass turnout in the city for his funeral.
Monday, 6 May 2013
139 Ralph Walters
Constituency : Beverley 1859
Ralph 's election was declared void on petition and the Conservatives won the ensuing by-election.
He died in 1865
Ralph 's election was declared void on petition and the Conservatives won the ensuing by-election.
He died in 1865
Sunday, 5 May 2013
137 John Benjamin Smith
Constituency : Stirling Burghs 1847-52, Stockport 1852-74
John was another Mancunian cotton merchant. In 1819 he was present at Peterloo and gave evidence at the inquest. He was the president of Manchester Chamber of Commerce from 1839-41 and became the first president of the Anti-Corn Law League. He was a staunch Free Trader and later claimed that he had convinced Cobden of the case for full repeal. John made unsuccessful attempts at getting elected for Blackburn ( 1837 ) , Walsall ( in a by-election where the Whig withdrew and John nearly got in ) and Dundee ( both 1841 ) before becoming MP for Stirling Burghs in 1847. He switched to Stockport in 1852.
John was a strong supporter of the North in the American Civil War and was one of those pressing for alternative cotton supplies from India. He wrote a small number of economic works. He also pressed the case for a secret ballot over a number of years. He was also a supporter of decimalisation.
John was a Unitarian who opposed church rates and all state grants for religious purposes.
In Stockport John and his fellow MP James Kershaw established the town's first museum, John lending it 47 of his paintings.
He died in 1879 aged 83.
138 Henry Woods
Constituency : Wigan 1857-74
Henry was an industrialist with interests in both cotton manufacturing and mining. He first stood in 1857 as a moderate Liberal who did "not wish to see violent and convulsive changes, still, our national progress is continually making alterations necessary". He came in second behind a moderate Tory.
He died in 1882 aged 59.
Saturday, 4 May 2013
136 James Kershaw
Constituency : Stockport 1847-64
James was another cotton baron from Manchester. He had risen from humble beginnings as a clerk to having his own firm. James was a Congregationalist. He was active in municipal politics and was a founder of the borough of Manchester and was its mayor in 1842-3. He was heavily involved in the Anti-Corn Law League and a natural choice to inherit Richard Cobden's seat when he chose to represent West Riding instead in 1847.
James did not speak in the House.
He died in office in 1864 aged 69.
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