Saturday, 31 August 2013
248 Dudley Fortescue
Constituency : Andover 1857-74
Dudley was a younger son of Earl Fortescue. He was educated at Oxford.
Dudley was a backbench Whig who rebelled against Gladstone over disestablishing the Irish Church.
He died in 1909 aged 88.
Thursday, 29 August 2013
247 John Norris
Constituency : Abingdon 1857-65
John was a magistrate and a member of the London City Corporation.
John spoke in favour of Gladstone's abolition of the paper duties in 1860 -"it is a tax that presses heavily on the necessary school-books and cheap literature which reaches the labouring man and his children while it lets the luxuries of the rich all but entirely escape." It was the first of a string of speeches on the subject including one in 1864 criticising Cobden for neglecting the papermakers' interests in the Anglo-French commercial treaty.
He died in 1870 aged 61.
246 John Shelley
Constituency : Gatton 1831-2, Great Grimsby 1831-2 ( Tory ), Westminster 1852-65
John was a baronet's son related to the poet who was initially a Tory. He chose not to contest his seat in 1832 and did not stand again until 1841 when he was defeated at East Sussex. He returned for Westminster in 1852 despite objections from the more advanced faction who claimed his only qualifications were "he was the son of a baronet, that he lived in a park, that he was good looking and could pay the expenses" and put up Coningham as a third Liberal candidate. He was unopposed in 1857 and 1859. He was chairman of the Bank of London
John stressed in Dod's Parliamentary Companion that he gave independent support to Palmerston's administration. He supported the ballot, extension of the franchise to all rate-payers and the abolition of religious endowments.
In 1861 he was cleared of charges of public indecency after appearing in the window of his house without his trousers on. It was thought that the charges arose from a feud with an American railwayman whose plans for tramways were opposed by Sir John.
John made way for Mill at Westminster in 1865 but was unsuccessful at Bridgwater.
John wrote books on farming and also played cricket for England.
He died in 1867 aged 58.
John concludes our look at the capital's MPs . We now move on to the south east.
Tuesday, 27 August 2013
245 George de Lacy Evans
Constituency : Rye 1830, 1831-2, Westminster 1833-41, 1846-65
George was born in Ireland, the son of a small landowner and volunteered for the army in 1806. After service in India where he was promoted to lieutenant he took part in the Peninsular War then went to the United States in 1814 where he was quartermaster general and took part in two major battles. He soon won a reputation for reckless bravery. He fought as a captain at Waterloo after which he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. He first became involved in politics in 1826 when he helped the campaign of his friend Robert Otway Cave in Leicestershire. In 1830 he won a by-election at Rye as an independent Radical after a legal tussle but was defeated at the subsequent general election. He threw himself into the agitation for parliamentary reform and was accused of threatening to gather a military force in support of the bill. In 1831 disturbances in the constituency forced its patron to agree to a joint ticket and George was returned. He was defeated in 1832 due to boundary changes and went to Westminster where he again lost but was elected in a by-election in 1833 He went down in the Tory victory of 1841 but reclaimed the seat in 1847. At Palmerston's suggestion he was in command of the British Legion which fought to assist the Spanish Queen in 1835-7 after which he was knighted . At the cost of his health he fought in the Crimean War where he favoured a British retreat and attacked the mismanagement of the war. The French rated him the best of the British commanders.He supported his patron Palmerston in 1857.
George was known as the "Radical General". He favoured triennial parliaments and the ballot. He supported a reduction in the borough franchise below the £6 figure favoured by Russell.
George was a tall thin and swarthy-looking man described by one opponent as looking like an Italian assassin. He was a poor speaker which hampered his political career. He retired in 1865.
He died of bronchitis in 1870 aged 73.
Monday, 26 August 2013
244 Acton Ayrton
Constituency : Tower Hamlets 1857-74
Acton was a barrister's son and himself a solicitor who practised in India and became wealthy. He was first elected in 1857 as the Radical on a joint Whig-Radical ticket although he expressed his high opinion of Palmerston personally.
Acton was a champion of working class causes . In 1862 he joined forces with a Tory MP to introduce a Bill to increase employers' obligations when their workers were injured but they were forced to withdraw it when the Attorney-General voiced his opposition. In 1866 he criticised the queen's retreat into seclusion at a public meeting and had to be rebuked by Bright who was also present.He managed to reduce the period of qualifying residence in the Second Reform Bill debates. In 1866 he was a strong opponent of the Married Women's Property Act believing it would be ineffective and foment marital discord. On the other hand he was one of the first MPs to protest about the Contagious Diseases Act in 1866.
Acton joined Gladstone's government in 1868 initially as Financial Secretary to the Treasury. It was suggested that Gladstone wanted to move an acerbic critic from the backbenches. In 1869 he became First Commissioner of Works. He was a trenchant supporter of political economy and became embroiled in controversy when he proposed transferring the scientific establishment at Kew Gardens to a less expensive site. This was vigorously opposed by Charles Darwin and Henry Lyell among others. He also fell out with Alfred Stevens over the Wellington Monument he was sculpting , treating him as a negligent contractor. He was savaged by John Ruskin in Fors Clavigera. These disputes did little good to the government's reputation and Acton was moved to Judge Advocate General in 1873.
As a personality Acton was truculent and unsociable.He fell out with the Reform League.
Acton lost his seat heavily in 1874. He contested Mile End in 1885 but received a derisory vote.
He died in 1886 aged 70.
Sunday, 25 August 2013
243 Charles Butler
Constituency : Tower Hamlets 1852-68
Charles was a Whig who was often criticised by the East London Observer for his poor attendance in the house as compared to his Radical running mate Acton Ayrton. To judge from Hansard he was actually quite assiduous in asking questions on local matters.
He died in 1870.
Saturday, 24 August 2013
242 John Locke
Constituency : Southwark 1857-80
John was a surveyor's son. He was educated at Dulwich College and Cambridge. He became a barrister. He had a large house in London and frequently entertained there.
John was a frequent speaker in the House with a dry sense of humour. He often spoke on legal reform introducing a bill allowing oaths of affirmation in criminal cases.
The cartoon above is from Vanity Fair and is captioned "The only man who is ever known to make Mr Gladstone smile" but I have not been able to discover to what this refers. The magazine went on to describe him as a "sturdy Radical of the old style" and "always to be found in the front of any struggle that may arise for the popular rights or privileges".
John died in 1880 aged 84 giving the Tories a short-lived gain in the by-election.
Thursday, 22 August 2013
241 Sir Charles Napier
Constituency : Marylebone 1841-7 Southwark 1855-60
Sir Charles was an eminent Victorian whose brief parliamentary career is but a small part of his story. He was born in Scotland, the son of a navy captain and followed him into the maritime service. He started out as a midshipman and saw service in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1808 he was wounded in the thigh by a cannonball. In 1809 he was promoted to captain after distinguishing himself in an action off Martinique. He was wounded again at the Battle of Bucaco. In 1814 he was switched to America where the War of 1812 was still in progress and again impressed. When the War ended Charles became an indefatigable agitator for naval reform, the development of iron and steam ships, officer training and humane conditions for ordinary sailors. He set up his own business in steam ships but went bankrupt in 1827. He first stood for parliament for Portsmouth in 1832 but wasn't successful. He then accepted an invitation to take command of the Portugese fleet to help Queen Maria against her usurping uncle. In 1833 he won the Battle of Cape Vincent which enabled the queen's forces to capture Lisbon. In 1839 he proceeded to Syria with the aim of driving out the forces of Ibrahim Pasha. This included some land battles such as the Battle of Boharsef which Charles was able to win. He then proceeded to negotiate his own peace treaty with Muhammad Ali which the Powers repudiated although their own treaty was not substantially different. He was knighted in 1840 and successful at Marylebone in 1841. He lost it in 1847 but was compensated with a rise to the rank of admiral and command of the Channel fleet. His term was cut short in 1849 against the wishes of Russell but he was reinstated to lead the fleet in the Baltic at the start of the Crimean War. He successfully blockaded the Russian ports and captured the Aland Islands but correctly assessed that the key naval bases were impregnable given the forces at his disposal. This did not please Graham at the Admiralty who was under political pressure for more conclusive results and the two men bitterly quarrelled. His command and thereby his naval career was terminated in 1854. He was elected MP for Southwark and continued the quarrel on the floor of the Commons.
Charles also advocated triennial parliaments and the ballot. He was a loyal supporter of Palmerston but. perhaps coloured by his quarrel with Graham , thought the Peelites were renegades. By this time he was in poor health and alleged to be a heavy drinker but he held onto his seat. He was also hoping to persuade Garibaldi to acquire a fleet which he would then command.
He died in 1860 aged 74. He got his own statue in Trafalgar Square.
240 Robert Hanbury
Constituency : Middlesex 1857-67
Robert was a partner in the brewing firm that became Truman's.
Robert was a Palmerstonian moderate who warned that pushing for manhood suffrage would drive away moderate reformists. He helped set up the Farningham Home for Little Boys , a home for destitute children.
He died in 1867 aged 44. A Memorial Fund was established at the Home and the Hanbury Medal prize was instituted which is still administered by the NCH today.
Robert was a partner in the brewing firm that became Truman's.
Robert was a Palmerstonian moderate who warned that pushing for manhood suffrage would drive away moderate reformists. He helped set up the Farningham Home for Little Boys , a home for destitute children.
He died in 1867 aged 44. A Memorial Fund was established at the Home and the Hanbury Medal prize was instituted which is still administered by the NCH today.
Wednesday, 21 August 2013
239 George Byng aka Viscount Enfield
Constituency : Tavistock 1852-7 , Middlesex 1857-74
George was the son and heir of the Earl of Strafford. He was educated at Eton and Oxford.
George was held in high regard by Russell and became Parliamentary Secretary to the Poor Law Board in 1865. Gladstone did not immediately restore him to office but he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs until the end of the ministry.
George was a moderate Whig who did not support household suffrage. He had a low opinion of his Radical running mate Labouchere and openly celebrated his defeat in 1868 when a Tory topped the poll. It was his turn in 1874 when the Tories captured both seats.
George was then made Baron Strafford by writ of acceleration and went to the Lords. He served Gladstone again as under-secretary of state for India between 1880 and 1883. In 1866 he succeeded his father as Earl.
He died in 1898 aged 68.
Tuesday, 20 August 2013
238 Sir Benjamin Hall
Constituency : Monmouth 1831, 1832-7, Marylebone 1837-59
Sir Benjamin was the son of a Welsh industrialist. He was first elected for Monmouth in 1831 but then disqualified. He was legitimately re-elected in 1832 making his name with attacks on the Anglican establishment in Wales and calling for services in Welsh. He switched to Marylebone in 1837 and was made a baronet. He switched tack and became known as the champion of localism in the provision of services. He was made President of the Board of Health by Aberdeen in 1854 where he was guilty of concealing the deficiencies at Scutari from the government during the Crimean War.He introduced an important measure of sanitary reform and actually advanced central control. Palmerston moved him to First Commissioner of Works where he established the Metropolitan Board of Works and oversaw the rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament. Because of his height it has been suggested that "Big Ben was named after him. In the 1857 election campaign he told his constituents that Palmerston could be trusted to bring in a Reform Bill.
Benjamin was re-elected in 1859 but was immediately created Baron Llanover by Palmerston perhaps as a consolation for not restoring him to office.
He died in 1867 aged 64.
Monday, 19 August 2013
237 Edwin James
Constituency : Marylebone 1859-61
Edwin was a London solicitor's son. He originally wanted to be an actor but his pugnacious appearance told against him and he became a barrister instead. He established a reputation for taking on salacious cases; as The Spectator put it " a leader in all actions for seduction, breach of promise of marriage, assault, and false imprisonment and in all cases that involved the reputation of an actress or horse". He was first elected in a by-election in 1859.
Edwin was a loyal supporter of Palmerston although the premier resisted the suggestion of Villiers that he be appointed Solicitor-General. He was an opportunistic radical favouring the secret ballot , abolition of church rates and Italian unification. He was very active during his short time in the House making nearly 250 interventions.
Edwin was supposedly being considered for Attorney-General in 1861 but he suddenly resigned his seat ostensibly to concentrate on his practice. It soon came to light that he was both heavily in debt and under investigation by the Bar for various shady dealings. He was soon disbarred and emigrated to the USA to continue practising there. Attempts were made to disbar him there but ultimately failed. He also dabbled in acting, magazine editing and theatrical management while over there. Although he took American citizenship in 1866 he returned to London in 1873 but he was neither re-admitted to the Bar nor re-selected for Marylebone. Thereafter he scraped a living as a paralegal but died in poverty in 1882 aged 70.
Sunday, 18 August 2013
236 Sir James Duke
Constituency : Boston 1837-49, City of London 1849-65
Sir James was a wholesale coal merchant and insurance broker born in Montrose and first elected for Boston in 1837. He had been in the navy and served in the Napoleonic wars. He was also Lord Mayor of London in 1847. Two years later he was made a baronet and invited by the London Liberals to sit for the City instead when a by-election occurred. He resigned Boston and won a resounding victory supported by Cobden and Hume. He was a close friend of Victoria and Albert.
Sir James spoke in favour of Palmerston's defence fortificatons in 1862. He was in favour of the ballot and shorter parliaments.
Sir James stood down in 1865. He died in 1873 aged 81.
Saturday, 17 August 2013
235 Lord John Russell
Constituency : Tavistock 1813-7, 1818-20 Huntingdonshire 1820-6, Bandon 1826-30, Tavistock 1830-1, Devonshire 1831-2, Devonshire South 1832-5, Stroud 1835-41, City of London 1841-61
Now we come to our first Prime Minister. Lord John is a perplexing case. To those with a casual interest in Victorian history he ( along with Derby ) is one of those shadowy figures who filled in the gaps between the real titans of the era Peel, Palmerston, Gladstone and Disraeli who remain household names. Anyone who really studies the era will realise that Lord John was a colossus who was at the centre of politics for nearly half a century.
Lord John was a younger son of the Duke of Bedford's heir; the "Lord" was a courtesy title. He was born prematurely and remained small and somewhat frail all his life. The Russells were the ultimate Whigs , conscious of their history of resistance to royal encroachment stemming from James II. He went to Edinburgh University. He was given the family borough of Tavistock at 21. He travelled in Europe and met Napoleon in 1814.
In 1821 Lord John managed to push through the disenfranchisement of the notorious rotten borough of Grampound beginning his long association with the cause of parliamentary reform. In 1822 his speech declaring that "The votes of the House of Commons no longer imply the general assent of the realm" galvanised the Reform movement but cost him his seat in 1826. He returned for the Irish seat of Bandon and in 1828 successfully moved the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts.
In 1830 Lord John joined Grey's government as Paymaster of the Forces and sat on a committee to draw up a reform bill. It was Lord John's diligence and energy that produced the scheme accepted by the Cabinet in 1831 and he was entrusted the task of introducing it. When the Commons tried to amend it Grey went to the country. The Reformers won a large majority and Lord John was promoted to the Cabinet. In the course of the struggle to get the Bill through the Lords , Lord John managed to upset William IV by describing them as the "whisper of a faction ... against the voice of a nation".
The passage of the First Reform Act was a considerable personal triumph for Lord John. For the next decade he regarded it as foolproof and earned the nickname "Finality Jack" for his complacent assumption that no further extension of the franchise would ever be necessary. He now turned his attention to Ireland where he advocated the abolition of church tithes; this led to a Cabinet split with Stanley and three others resigning and eventually going over to the Tories. In 1834 the Whig government was dismissed because William IV refused to accept Lord John as Leader of the Commons.
As a result of the Tory advance in the 1835 election, Lord John was given leave to organise the Lichfield House meeting to discuss co-operation with the Radicals and Irish MPs, the first tentative steps towards forming the Liberal party. This new alliance succeeded in bringing down Peel over his Irish tithes bill. John became Home Secretary in Melbourne's new administration. He had a good relationship with the premier. He ameliorated the sentence of the Tolpuddle martyrs and steered the Municipal Corporation Act into being. He also had some success in Ireland. The Lords frustrated his attempts to abolish the tithes but Lord John retaliated by refusing the use of troops or police to enforce collection. He also took steps to discourage membership of the Orange lodges. In 1839 he switched to Secretary of State for the Colonies where his main task was the 1840 Union bill with Canada.
In 1841 Peel finally got his majority and formed a stable government. Lord John and Melbourne disagreed on how aggressively to oppose him and gradually the former prevailed. In 1844 he pushed Peel into a more liberal policy in Ireland and supported him over the Maynooth grant. In 1845 he voted for full repeal of the corn laws, worried that Peel would outflank him, in defiance of his shadow cabinet colleagues. The Irish potato famine justified his tactics. Peel resigned after failing to get his Cabinet to agree on repeal. the Queen recognised Lord John's ascendancy by sending for him rather than Melbourne but John's first attempt to form a government failed over disagreements between Palmerston and Earl Grey.
Lord John supported Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws then voted with the protectionists on the Irish coercion bill. Thus did he in a rather tawdry fashion become Prime Minister for the first time. Lord John was fully aware of the Whigs' minority status and immediately invited three Peelites to join his government but they declined. It had therefore to be a purely Whig government largely of people who'd served under Melbourne. It is not generally regarded as a successful government. It struggled to deal with the Irish famine; the sort of relief that was needed conflicted with the interests of the Irish landowners in the Cabinet and Lord John's own commitment to laissez-faire economics. He further antagonised the Irish with his infamous "Durham letter" and subsequent Ecclesisatical Titles Act an hysterical over-reaction to the Pope's organisation of a Catholic hierarchy in Britain. The government did have the Ten Hours Act and a decent Education Act to its credit.
Lord John was proud and unswerving in his conviction that a Russell should be at the centre of things. At the same time he was a shy man who preferred a quiet life at home to political entertaining, something that put him at a profound disadvantage when jostling for power with Palmerston. He was self-absorbed and liable to lapses in manners particularly when dealing with the queen.. He was intellectually gifted and quick to appreciate the nub of a problem but this made him insensitive to others' opinions. He spoke and wrote plainly, his letters and dispatches notable for their brevity but prone to misunderstanding. He was disorganised and often mislaid documents or failed to keep appointments.
Lord John was very sensitive to threats to his own position as leader of the progressive forces in the Commons. His main concern was Peel who let the government continue with a sort of benign contempt , occasionally giving help behind the scenes such as helping counter a financial crisis in 1847. After Peel's death it was Palmerston who occupied his thoughts. While his government faltered on the domestic front, his foreign secretary was attracting radical plaudits for his support of liberal movements abroad. After his extraordinary triumph in the Don Pacifico affair he became a real threat and Lord John who had stoutly defended his minister against royal complaints now connived with the Court to dismiss him, ostensibly for recognising Louis Napoleon's coup in 1851 without consulting Court or colleagues. Palmerston immediately retaliated by mustering enough support to bring the government down on a militia bill, his famous "tit for tat with Johnny Russell".
For the rest of the decade the two men were locked in a rivalry for leadership of the "liberal party" although the majority of its MPs were committed to neither of them. Lord John soon found out how his position had weakened after the 1852 election when a number of previous colleagues including Palmerston made clear they would not serve under him when Derby's government went out. His brother Bedford arranged a meeting at Woburn which led to a coalition government under the Peelite Lord Aberdeen. Lord John accepted office as Foreign Secretary and Leader of the House but soon relinquished the former office.
Lord John was very unhappy with the Coalition from the start and repeatedly complained that the Whigs as the largest party should be better represented. Aberdeen struggled to keep him happy first with a vague promise that he would step aside for him at the first opportunity and then the concession that Lord John could proceed with a new Reform Bill despite the approaching conflict with Russia. At the same time Palmerston was strengthening his own position with liberal reforms at the Home Office and generally being a better behaved colleague. John's reputation hit rock bottom when he resigned as Leader of the House rather than defend his government's handling of the Crimean War against Roebuck's motion for an inquiry, a move that appalled most members. Aberdeen resigned and the queen blamed Lord John.
This left the way clear for Palmerston who refused to serve under Derby or Lord John. Once in place he acted on his Foreign Secretary Clarendon's suggestion to send Lord John as an envoy to the peace conference at Vienna. While there he accepted Palmerston's offer of the Colonial Office after the Peelites' resignation from the government. However Lord John was not a skilled diplomat and after the faux pas of accepting an Austrian proposal without authorisation he had to resign. In 1857 he joined the Tories in colluding with Cobden to bring Palmerston down over China. Unlike Cobden he managed to retain his seat and this allowed him to mount a political comeback. He did not attack Palmerston over the Conspiracy to Murder Bill. He then tried to amend rather than oppose Derby's Reform Bill. Derby went to the country rather than accept the changes and improved the Tories' position.
It was now imperative that Palmerston and Russell came to some understanding; ; other politicians mainly from the Peelites had been working to this end for the past year. At the Willis' Tea Room meeting of 1859 the two men agreed to turn Derby out and leave the queen to choose which of them would be Prime Minister, each agreeing to serve under the other. The queen was appalled at the choice between the "two terrible old men" and asked Lord Granville instead. Palmerston was more adroit in responding to this manoeuvre ensuring that he was asked next.
Lord John , given a free choice, elected to be Foreign Secretary despite his Austrian embarrassment. Palmerston made appropriate concessions to his vanity but by and large kept his own hand on the tiller. Lord John is well remembered in Italy for his famous dispatch welcoming unification and he shared in Palmerston's embarrassment over Schleswig-Holstein. In 1861 he was created Earl Russell and went to the Lords.
In 1865 after a triumphant election Palmerston finally died and Lord John got his chance to be Prime Minister again after 13 years, the longest gap between any two terms in that office to this day. He freshened up the Cabinet with some younger faces .Both he and Gladstone ( now Leader in the Commons ) were well aware that they were working with Palmerston's majority and it would not automatically transfer to them. Nevertheless at 75 Lord John was the archetypal "old man in a hurry" and they proceeded to present a moderate Reform Bill. Unfortunately Lord John had already made his final mistake His accession back to the premiership had been greeted with a coruscating article in The Times written by one of his own MPs, the prickly but able Robert Lowe. He had been a minister under Palmerston but was passed over by Lord John and joined a small faction of malcontents the Adullamites. It was Lowe's brilliantly argued speeches that brought the Bill down and with it Lord John's career.
Although Lord John remained Leader of the Opposition until the general election of 1868 he played little effective part in the ferment over the Second Reform Act and let it be known that he was not interested in seeking office again. As a result the queen sent for Gladstone after the 1868 election. He declined a Cabinet seat without office. He gave Gladstone the odd headache with cranky crticisms but the PM was able to shrug these off as evidence of increasing infirmity. He took care to acknowledge Lord John's antecedents in education and Irish matters and visited him in his last illness.
Lord John had to suffer the deaths of his wife and son before he himself passed away in May 1878 aged 85.
Friday, 16 August 2013
234 Lionel de Rothschild
Constituency : City of London 1847-68, 1869-74
Lionel was a cause celebre in Anglo-Jewish history. He was a scion of the famous banking family. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge, a keen huntsman and breeder of racehorses. He was first elected to the Commons in 1847. Because he could not take the Christian oath required to sit in the chamber , Lord John Russell ( his colleague in City of London ) introduced a Jewish Disabilities Bill to circumvent the problem. It was rejected by the Lords in 1848 and again in 1849. Lionel resigned his seat and won the by-election to bolster his case. In 1850 he came to the House and was allowed to swear on the Old Testament only but omitted the crucial Christian words and so was again disbarred. The Bill was defeated again in 1850, 1851, 1853 and 1856. In 1857 Lionel sat on a parliamentary select committee to discuss the question , there being no legal impediment to this form of participation. It wasn't until 1858 that the Lords agreed to let the Commons decide its own oath and Lionel was allowed to take his seat , not without objections from Tory bigots, after 11 years as an excluded MP.
Having made such an effort it's surprising that Lionel only spoke once after taking the oath, asking Gladstone a question about the paper duties in 1860.
Lionel lost his seat briefly in 1868 when a Tory snuck in. He was proposed for the Lords but Queen Victoria vetoed the proposal supposedly due to his business activities; she did go on to ennoble his son in 1885. He was unopposed in a by-election a year later. He went down in the debacle of 1874.
Despite their being in different parties Lionel was an intimate friend of Disraeli's and he secretly financed the government's purchase of the Suez Canal shares in 1875. In 1879 Lionel's horse won the Epsom Derby. He died shortly afterwards following an attack of gout. He was 69.
Thursday, 15 August 2013
233 Robert Crawford
Constituency : Harwich 1851-2, City of London 1857-74
Robert was the son of a London MP . He was a merchant in India and lived in Bombay for a number of years. He also had interests in railways. He was a member of the British North American Association. He was first elected for Harwich in 1851 when the sitting member was unseated on petition but he suffered the same fate himself because the poll had closed three minutes early. He was then proposed for the City of London but he declined the nomination. He felt ready in 1857 and was duly elected.
He was a frequent speaker in the House, as one would expect mainly on finance and India.
In 1864 Robert chaired the public meeting to prepare for Garibaldi's visit.In the Second Reform Bill debates Robert introduced a clause to extend to 25 miles the residential qualification for City voters. In 1869 he became a governor of the Bank of England.
Robert went out in 1874 when the Liberals lost three out of the four City seats they had been holding. He died in 1889 aged 76.
Tuesday, 13 August 2013
232 William Williams
Constituency : Coventry 1835-47, Lambeth 1850-65
William was a Welshman of humble origins who built up a cotton business after starting out in a London warehouse. He travelled extensively on business and spoke a number of languages. In 1833 he was elected to the forerunner of the GLC and two years later MP for Coventry as a Radical. He became along with his friend Joseph Hume one of the most prominent parliamentary radicals supporting the ballot, franchise extension and the separation of church and state ( though Anglican himself ). In 1846 he made a speech lamenting the state of education in Wales which persuaded Sir James Graham to organise an inquiry; however the findings were not to Welsh liking. The following year he lost his seat at Coventry. He came back for Lambeth at a by-election in 1850. He voted with Cobden on China but then explained to his constituents in the 1857 campaign that he had never imagined Palmerston would be defeated on the issue.
In 1863 he chaired a meeting which launched the campaign for a University of Wales. He was a frequent speaker in the Commons clocking up 1,383 contributions.
William was a generous benefactor to the village of Llanpumsaint where he was born building and furnishing a village school in 1862.
Like Peel he died after falling from a horse, in 1865. He was 77.
Monday, 12 August 2013
231 William Roupell
Constituency : Lambeth 1857-62
William was the illegitimate son of a scarp metal dealer and property developer though his parents later married. He trained as a solicitor and also worked in his father's business. He wished to join fashionable society and spent in excess of his allowance. To ease his debts he fraudulently mortgaged one of his father's properties in 1850. This pattern continued although his parents were usually the victims. When his father died in 1856 William managed to get a forged will accepted as the genuine one had favoured his younger brother who had been born in wedlock. In 1855 he was elected to the Lambeth Vestry a sort of development corporation. He was elected in 1857 promising support for the ballot, franchise extension, abolition of church rates and retrenchment. He was accused of bribery and corruption during the campaign but the investigation was dropped after its instigators were found to be involved in shady business deals with William. He did not speak much in the House but in 1858 spoke out against sewage schemes that might impact his property.
William expressed his opposition to the 1860 Reform Bill as too timid a measure - "The mountain has been in labour anfd has brought forth a mouse".
By 1862 William was unable to service the mortgages he had taken out and fled to Spain. On his return he was arrested for fraud and forgery and had to resign his seat.
William agreed to aid his brother in recovering some of the misappropriated fortune admitting his guilt. He was sentenced to penal servitude for life. He was at Portland Prison in 1870 working in the infirmary when a Fenian prisoner called Thompson died there and he gave fawning evidence at the inquest about his benevolent treatment. A fellow convict alleged that he received preferential treatment while at the prison. He spent much of his sentence doing hard labour at Chatham Dockyard before his release on parole in 1876. He spent his last years working for the church and gardening.
He died in a nursing home of pneumonia in 1909 aged 77.
Sunday, 11 August 2013
230 Guildford Onslow
Constituency : Guildford 1858-74
Guildford is the only MP I can think of who shared a name with his constituency. He was the son of a colonel and educated at Eton. He then went into the military himself joining the Scots Fusilier Guards and rising to the rank of captain. He was elected at a by-election in 1858.
Guildford had to share representation with the Tories but won the battle when the constituency was reduced to one member in 1868. He lost in 1874 when the Conservative candidate was a relative of his wife.
Guildford was another MP to get involved in the Tichborne case. Despite having known Sir Roger he believed "the claimant" and helped him raise funds to defend himself against perjury charges appearing with him on public platforms and asking questions in Parliament. He spent a lot of time in Italy and strongly supported Italian unification. He supported the ballot and alleged corrupt practices by the Tories in Guildford in relation to a by-election in 1866.
He died in 1882 aged 68.
Saturday, 10 August 2013
229 David Salomons
Constituency : Greenwich 1851-2, 1859-73
David is remembered as one of the first practising Jews to sit in the House. He was inevitably a successful banker and one of the founders of the London and Westminster Bank ( forerunner of Nat West ) though he later trained as a barrister. He first started testing religious legislation in 1835 when he was elected Sheriff of the City of London but was unable to take up the post until the following year when the Sheriffs' Declaration Act enabled him to by-pass the mandatory oath requiring profession of Christian faith. In the same year he was elected an alderman but faced the same problem and had to wait until 1847 for an Act to amend the oath. He became the first Jewish magistrate in England. David had been trying to enter Parliament since 1837 and was finally elected in 1851. He took the oath but omitted the Christian phrases and took his seat. This led to a fierce debate, David's removal by the Sergeant- at- arms and a fine. The seat was re-fought in 1852. While the question raged David upped the ratchet by being elected Lord Mayor of London in 1855. He had the memorial to the Great Fire changed, removing a line blaming it on the Catholics.
The law was changed in 1858 and David was duly re-elected in 1859. He was a frequent speaker in the House, often on financial matters. He was made a baronet in 1869.
He died in 1873 aged 75.
Friday, 9 August 2013
228 William Angerstein
Constituency : Greenwich 1859-65
William was the son of a previous MP for Greenwich, a rich merchant. He inherited the family estate on the death of his elder brother in 1866. He was a keen huntsman and hunter.
William was disappointed by the withdrawal of the Reform Bill in 1860. Otherwise he spoke mainly on constituency matters.
William was a benevolent squire providing work for the village people on his estates.
He died in 1897 aged 86.
227 Samuel Peto
Constituency : Norwich 1847-54, Finsbury 1859-65, Bristol 1865-8
Samuel was a tenant farmer's son and started his career as an apprentice bricklayer in his uncle's building firm. In 1830 he formed a partnership with his cousin, Grissell and Peto. They built many notable structures in London including Nelson's Column and the new Houses of Parliament under Charles Barry. From 1834 they diversified into railway contracting. In 1846 Grissell took fright at Samuel's risk-taking and dissolved the partnership. He formed a new partnership with his brother-in-law Peto and Betts to further develop his railway interests. In 1854 Samuel resigned his seat and they worked together with Thomas Brassey on a railway linking Balaclava with Sebastopol during the Crimean War for which Samuel was made a baronet in 1855. He became a local philanthropist and beneficient employer in the area around Lowestoft. For a time he was said to be the largest employer in the world. His business practices were not always scrupulous and he did not always act in the best interests of his shareholders.He was first elected in 1847 and helped finance the Great Exhibition in 1851. He was a Baptist. No
Palmerston asked him to conduct experiments on the practicality of manufacturers consuming their own smoke.
Samuel later experienced financial difficulties through involvement in the London Chatham and Dover Railway and the failure of the bank Overend, Gurney and Company. The Peto and Betts partnership had to be dissolved in 1866 and Samuel's business reputation never recovered. In 1868 he was forced to give up his seat despite support from both Gladstone and Disraeli.
Samuel retreated to Hungary where he tried to promote railways there and in Russia. He later tried to launch a small mineral railway in Cornwall but failed.
He died in obscurity in 1889 aged 80.
Thursday, 8 August 2013
226 Thomas Duncombe
Constituency : Hertford 1826-32, Finsbury 1834-61
We now move on to the capital's MPs.
Thomas was born to wealthy and well-connected parents related to the Earl of Carlisle. He was educated at Harrow and joined the Coldstream Guards. He came under the influence of the General and MP Ronald Feguson who switched him on to Radical causes. He became a lieutenant before leaving the army in 1819. He first stood for Parliament in 1820 , losing at Pontefract. He stood for Hertford in 1823 but wasn't successful there until 1826. He had to spend a fortune to keep the seat in 1830 and 1831 but lost it in 1832. He then switched to the new metropolitan borough of Finsbury winning it in 1834. There he was free to proclaim his Radical creed and he became the Chartist's great friend in Parliament , introducing the second petition to Parliament in 1842 although he denounced Fergus O Connor for suggesting that violence might be necessary to achieve their aims . In 1841 he helped bring down the Melbourne government over sugar taxes. He attacked the Poor Law and the practice of opening post , clashing with the Home Secretary Graham and creating a public furore on the issue. He was also a strong opponent of theatre censorship. He was a champion of religious liberty and in particular of Jewish emancipation outlining the case in a book The Jews of England : Their History and Wrongs. He supported trade unions and was president of the National Association of United Trades for the Protection of Labour for seven years. He was a strong if eccentric debater in Parliament even when suffering from a bronchial condition. One observer described him as " just the man for saying at the right moment what everybody wished to be said and nobody had the courage to say". By 1857 he was reconciled to Palmerston's leadership of the Liberal party telling his electors that Palmerston had introduced a more liberal form of government. He was also scathing of the "peace at any price" party and abstained on the Conspiracy to Murder Bill. He opposed sanitation schemes.
Along with his political activities Thomas was a well-known figure in society, a sartorial dandy with frequent affairs, a keen horserder and avid theatre-goer. He also amassed considerable gambling debts and was accused of using parliamentary privilege to escape punishment. He was known as the "Dandy Demagogue". Cobden described him and his original Finsbury colleague Wakley as "the kid-glove democrats and the unscientific radicals of the Finsbury school".
Disraeli used Thomas as the source for much of his portrayal of Chartism in Sybil or the Two Nations. He was also sketched in Nicholas Nickleby.
He died in 1861 aged 65.
Wednesday, 7 August 2013
225 William Fitzroy aka Earl of Euston
Constituency : Thetford 1847-63
William was the son and heir of the Duke of Grafton. His father had been MP for Thetford 1834-41. William was elected unopposed in 1847 and never faced a contest thereafter.
William was a backbench Whig who never spoke in Parliament.
William was in delicate health and wintered at Hyeres each year.
William succeeded his father in 1863,
He died in 1882 aged 62.
Monday, 5 August 2013
224 George Whalley
Constituency : Peterborough 1852-3, 1859-78
George was the son of a merchant and banker from Gloucester. He was educated at University College London where he studied Metaphysics and Rhetoric. He became a barrister specialising in the tithe. He published two treatises on the subject. He also had business interests in Irish fisheries and Welsh railways. He stood for Montgomery in 1852 but had to wait for a by-election in Peterborough later in the year to be returned. However there were accusations that Earl Fitzwilliam had improperly influenced the election and the result was soon voided. He won the by-election but a committee of the Commons again voided the result and awarded the seat to Thomson Hankey.
George returned to the Commons in the 1859 election. He was an advanced Liberal in favour of household suffrage but this was overshadowed by his rabid anti-Catholicism. His principal political objective was the repeal of the Maynooth grant claiming that its priests aimed at turning Britain into a "citadel of popery". In 1861 he held an Orange rally on his estate in Wales and dedicated a folly to the cause , an event mocked in a scathing article in The Spectator which described him as "extremely silly and intolerant". He put down motions for a committee to consider repeal in 1861, 1862 and 1863 but they were all defeated and he was subjected to much heckling from the Irish MPs.
In 1866 George blamed the Vatican for a Maori victory in New Zealand and claimed there was a Stuart pretender backed by the Pope. He also alleged the Pope had control of the artillery corps, the police, the telegraph office and the railways. He published the scurrilous Popery in Ireland ; or Confessionals, Abductions , Nunneries , Fenians and Orangemen: A Narrative of Facts under the pseudonym " Patrick Murphy".
George also got involved in the notorious Titchborne case and managed to get himself jailed for contempt of court as a result. He also got into financial difficulties and was insolvent at the time of his death.
He died in 1878 aged 65. His son George was elected for Peterborough in 1880.
223 Thomson Hankey
Constituency : Peterborough 1853-68 ,1874-80
Thomson was a West India merchant and banker who served as Governor of the Bank of England from 1851-3. He stood unsuccessfully for Boston in 1852 then was elected for Peterborough at a by-election in 1853 when his opponent George Whalley was disqualified after a tortuous sequence of legal wrangling.
Thomson was a frequent speaker in the House on financial matters.
Thomson was unseated by a fellow Liberal in 1868 but returned in 1874. He lost again in 1880 and declined to contest the by-election which arose in 1883.
Thomson was an authority on political economy and wrote a book on the principles of banking published in 1887.
He died in 1893 aged 88.
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