Saturday, 30 November 2013
334 George Hay aka Earl of Gifford
Constituency : Totnes 1855-62
George was the son and heir of the Marquess of Tweeddale. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge. He was a captain in the East Lothian Yeomanry Cavalry. In 1854 he became private secretary to the Peelite Lord Newcastle then Secretary of War. He entered Parliament the following year.
In 1862 George was involved in a serious accident with a falling tree at Yester Castle. When it became clear his condition was mortal the poet and author Helen Blackwood agreed to marry him after refusing previous proposals. He died two months after the wedding aged 40.
Friday, 29 November 2013
333 Thomas Mills
Constituency : Totnes 1852-62
Thomas was the son of a textile and property magnate who lived at Tolmers Park , Hertfordshire.
In 1860 Thomas leased the house to his fellow MP Thomas Bazley.
He died in 1862.
332 Henry Temple aka Viscount Palmerston
Constituency : Horsham 1806-7 ,Newport Isle of Wight 1807-11, Cambridge University 1811-30 (Tory), 1829-31, Bletchingley 1831-2, Hampshire South 1832-5 , Tiverton 1835-65
We come now to the Prime Minister who formed the first Liberal administration. Partisan historians of the party have always seemed faintly embarrassed about acknowledging the former Tory who invented "gunboat diplomacy" and resisted the march of democracy as a true representative of their creed.
Henry was the son and heir of the Irish peer Viscount Palmerston. He succeeded to the title before he entered Parliament so was always known as "Palmerston" and that is how I'll refer to him from this point onwards. He was educated at Harrow and Edinburgh University where he studied political economy and by his own account learned "whatever useful knowledge and habits of mind I possess" .
Palmerston was first elected for Horsham as a Tory at the age of 22 in 1806 but soon unseated on petition. He got in for the pocket borough of Newport and through patronage obtained his first government office as a junior lord of the admiralty under the Duke of Portland. In 1808 he attracted attention with a good speech defending the attack on the Danish navy and so the incoming Prime Minister Spencer Perceval offered him the then non-Cabinet post of Chancellor of the Exchequer . He declined it and then accepted the unobtrusive post of Secretary at War, a post he held for more than twenty years.
In view of Palmerston's later achievements it seems strange that he burrowed away in relative obscurity as a hardworking and competent minister for so long only attracting attention for a prolonged turf war with the commander-in-chief, the Duke of York. Part of the reason was the distraction of his social success as a handsome young man with impeccable manners and genial disposition. He earned the nickname "Lord Cupid" for his amorous triumphs and the jealousy of the ageing roué George IV who ignored any suggestions from Lord Liverpool for his promotion.
It was Liverpool's retirement in 1827 that set the tectonic plates of politics and Palmerston's own career moving. Though he had not previously shown signs of any liberal tendencies he hitched his star to that of the new PM George Canning and his associates and was rewarded with a seat in the Cabinet alongside the selected Whigs that Canning brought in to shore up his ministry. He retained his place through Goderich's short ministry but resigned from Wellington's government alongside the Canningites' leader Huskisson. He made waves with an effective attack on the Foreign Secretary Aberdeen's policies towards Portugal. After Huskisson's death Wellington invited him back to office but declined unless his Whig friends Lansdowne and Grey came too making his change of allegiance clear.
Grey duly rewarded him with the Foreign Office when he came to power and set the stage for Palmerston's lasting reputation. He was the ultimate patriot, convinced of Britain's superiority as a liberal constitutional monarchy, a model that could be exported to the rest of the world. He was there to further Britain's interests at all times, preserving the balance of power to allow British trade to expand and preserve her commercial superiority. His often brusque manner in despatches earned him the nickname "Lord Pumice-Stone" and alarmed the queen in particular.
Palmerston's first triumph was a peaceful settlement of the Belgian War of Independence. He then started impressing radicals at home with support for the liberals in Spain and Portugal against their reactionary enemies. He also began the longstanding British policy of upholding the integrity of the Ottoman Empire as a bulwark against Russia and France curbing the latter's enthusiasm for the Sultan's rebellious vassal Mehemet Ali.
In 1839 Palmerston married his long time mistress Emily Cowper the sister of the prime minister Lord Melbourne. Her skills as a political hostess brought him great benefits particularly when he was fighting Russell for leadership of the Whigs and she often came to the Commons to cheer him on from the Strangers Gallery like a football fan.
At the same time Palmerston began to arouse opposition to his methods when he launched Britain into the First Opium War, the first example of so-called "gunboat diplomacy" bullying smaller nations into submission to British interests by a resort to force. Palmerston had no personal interest in opium; his intention was to force China into opening her ports to Western commerce but to the likes of Gladstone and Cobden he was a dangerous warmonger.
In 1841 Melbourne's government fell and Peel's Tories won the election beginning Palmerston's only significant spell in opposition. Five years later the Tory schism over the Corn Laws let in Russell to form a minority Whig government. Victoria was extremely reluctant to see Palmerston back at the Foreign Office but both men realised that he could not be resisted and he resumed his work as if he'd never been away . He also began to cultivate the press making a friend of Delane the editor of The Times to raise his popularity in the country. Although Russell feared him as a dangerous rival he had some personal esteem for Palmerston and realised that he was indispensable to his not very strong government. Thus he stoutly defended his foreign secretary against royal criticism.
In 1850 Palmerston sent in the gunboats again this time to bombard the Greeks into paying a very dubious claim for damages by a Portugese Jew Don Pacifico after his house had been attacked by a Greek mob. France and Russia as joint guarantors of Greek independence protested at this ludicrously over-the-top response giving Palmerston's critics their chance to censure him. After sitting through a wave of attacks led by the formidable triumvirate of Cobden, Gladstone and Peel ( in his last political intervention ) Palmerston, often a hesitant speaker , got up and delivered a five hour tour de force, defending his policies and comparing the privileged position of British subjects abroad to that of citizens of ancient Rome. Palmerston 's peroration turned the mood of the House right round and he routed his critics.
There was a price to be paid though. Russell was now terrified of him and became the queen's ally in trying to bring him down. They soon found a cause in Palmerston's premature congratulations to Louis Napoleon's coup in France which had not been cleared with the queen. Russell sacked him and brought diplomatic despatches to the House to justify himself. Palmerston put up little defence causing Disraeli's premature obituary "There was a Palmerston". Palmerston soon retaliated by raising an opposition to Russell's militia bill and bringing his government down- his "tit for tat with Johnny Russell."
After the brief interlude of Derby's first government it fell to the Peelite Lord Aberdeen to form a government constructed broadly around support for Free Trade. Both Russell and Palmerston had to be included and the latter accepted the post of Home Secretary. It was now that Palmerston seriously undermined Russell's position firstly by being a good colleague in Cabinet in contrast to his fellow Whig who was seething with resentment at his subordinate position and secondly by proving himself a true liberal with some much needed reforms to prisons, factories, employment and public health. When the government hit the rocks over the Crimean War in 1855 Palmerston's hands remained clean while Russell appalled all sides by deserting the government at the moment of crisis. After Aberdeen resigned Palmerston earned himself more kudos by agreeing to serve under Russell secure in the knowledge that no one else would and Derby under a condition that he knew could not be met. The queen bowed to the inevitable and invited him to form his first government at the age of 71, still the oldest man ever to begin his first premiership.
It began as a continuation of the Aberdeen coalition under a new head but most of the Peelites resigned after three months after the scope of the inquiry into their conduct became clear. Thus Palmerston was left with a purely Whig government soon bereft of Russell too after he botched his special mission to the Crimean peace negotiations in Vienna and had to resign. The Treaty of Paris in 1856 was heralded as another triumph for Palmerston though he did not get what he wanted and trouble was just around the corner. The Chinese seized a British ship sparking another conflict and Palmerston's fiercest critic Cobden launched a motion of censure upon him supported by the disgruntled Russell. Disraeli cynically joined them to inflict a defeat on the PM. It backfired in spectacular fashion when Palmerston went to the country and an army of moderate liberals appeared to challenge his critics in their constituencies. Many Tory candidates had to express their support for him ( many rather liked him anyway ) to make sure of getting back in. Apart from Russell all his main critics were defeated and Palmerston had a strong majority.
Palmerston's government passed the Matrimonial Causes Act making divorce a civil matter defeating a filibuster led by Gladstone in the process and the Government of India Act transferring the East India Company's authority to the Crown. Then the government abruptly fell in 1858 when an Italian terrorist tried to assassinate Louis Napoleon. As the bomb was made in England the French protested and Palmerston obligingly introduced the Conspiracy To Murder Bill making it an offence to plot terrorism aimed at foreign countries on British soil. This was felt to be unpatriotic by many government supporters and when Disraeli saw the extent of opposition the Tories withdrew their support to defeat Palmerston. As he could not go to the country on this issue another Derby minority government took the reins. A year later Derby went to the country after his partisan Reform Bill was defeated.
The Tories remained a minority after the 1859 election but made enough ground to worry their various opponents. The remaining Peelites had spent much of the past year effecting a reconciliation between Palmerston and Russell to unite the free traders in Parliament. Palmerston had options; a Derby-Palmerston government of moderates was mooted. Palmerston's personal relations with Derby were excellent ; they often exchanged notes comparing their parliamentary tussles to horse races. However Palmerston declined to turn to the right and instead went with Russell to the Willis's Tea Room meeting which produced a tentatively united Liberal party. The delicate question of who would be prime minister was left to the queen. She tried for a third way by sending for Lord Granville a senior Whig ; this was not realistic but Palmerston dealt with the situation more adroitly than his temperamental rival Russell and got the call.
Palmerston's second ministry was delicately balanced. Russell accepted Foreign Secretary. From the Radical side Villiers and Milner Gibson accepted Cabinet posts, Cobden declined but agreed to support the government and Bright was left out in the cold. Some Whigs had to be disappointed. Most significantly Palmerston persuaded Gladstone ( who had voted to keep Derby in ) to resume as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Gladstone was a longstanding critic of Palmerston's foreign policy and was appalled by the jaunty way Palmerston conducted politics but he accepted, conscious of his complete isolation and the premier's advanced years. Agreement with Palmerston's Italian policy was the public reason for his acceptance.
This first Liberal ministry lasted six years and was rarely in trouble, a tribute to the masterly political skills of the man at its head. Palmerston's genius lay in his reading of the mood of the House and his man-management. Containing the titanic egos of Russell and Gladstone was no mean feat. Russell was placated by being allowed to produce another Reform Bill in 1860; the time was not right and Russell himself accepted this and thereafter gave no trouble. The MP William Gregory has left us an insight into how Gladstone was managed in Cabinet " Mr Gladstone used to come in charged to the muzzle with all sorts of schemes of all sorts of forms which were absolutely necessary in his opinion to be immediately undertaken. Palmerston used to look fixedly at the paper before him saying nothing until there was a lull in Gladstone's outpouring. He then rapped the table and said cheerfully "Now then my Lords and gentlemen, let us go to business" ". Gladstone frequently threatened resignation but Palmerston correctly judged that he would not follow through on them. The Tories were little problem. Derby thought the conservative cause was safe enough with Palmerston in charge and had little desire to supplant him; Disraeli's manoeuvres were continually thwarted by defections from his own side whenever a vote looked tight.
The domestic achievements of the government were light; Palmerston told the incoming George Goschen in 1864 that Parliament could not go on legislating forever and he did not wish to take parliamentary reform any further after 1860. Instead he wished to unite the social classes behind the existing system and went on public speaking tours to address the populace directly, an example not lost on Gladstone.
The American Civil War posed a few dilemmas for the government. Palmerston always loathed the USA and his sympathies lay with the South despite a longstanding hatred of slavery. On the other hand he was aware of the dangers of becoming involved in the war directly and kept Britain on a neutral-ish course.
The government sailed serenely on but after 1863 the shadows started to lengthen. Palmerston's close allies Lewis and Herbert died. In 1864 he suffered the only serious foreign policy reverse of his career when Bismarck's Prussia ignored his ill-judged threats of British intervention and appropriated the duchy of Schleswig-Holstein. Palmerston survived a vote of censure but his defeat was starkly apparent.
So too was the decline in his health. He needed to walk with the aid of his stepson William Cowper and the whole chamber watched as age caught up with this Regency relic. Palmerston remained cheerful and enjoyed scaring his colleagues with thoughts of Gladstone's succession "Gladstone will soon have it all his own way and whenever he gets my place we shall have strange doings".
Palmerston survived long enough to call another election in 1865. The Tories privately grumbled that it was cynical to campaign on Palmerston's popularity when he was unlikely to make it to the next session but there was little they could do. Despite Schleswig-Holstein Palmerston's government increased its majority, a rare feat.
The Tories' predictions were proved correct. In October Palmerston caught a chill and , not nursing it sufficiently, died of pneumonia aged 80 six days later. He was given a state funeral. Palmerston's caution on parliamentary reform was vindicated when his majority fell apart on the issue less than a year later .
Palmerston's legacy is not ideological ; he was a pragmatist who moved with the times and exemplified the political rewards to be had from pursuing a moderate course. Although he was perceived as an anachronism before he even got into number 10 he was actually strikingly modern in using the press to mould his public image and court public opinion. Tony Blair was a Palmerstonian. His contemporary and bitter foe Cobden said he had no views "beyond the wish to hold office by following the popular passions of the time". This view of Palmerston was refuted by his friend Florence Nightingale "Tho' he made a joke when asked to do the right thing he always did it.... He was so much more in earnest than he appeared. He did not do himself justice."
Thursday, 28 November 2013
331 George Denman
Constituency : Tiverton 1859-65, 1866-72
George was a younger son of Baron Denman. He was educated at Repton and Cambridge where he made his name as a rower and competed twice in the Boat Race in the early 1840s. He became a barrister. He first stood for Cambridge University in a by-election in 1856.
George came into Parliament in 1859 as Palmerston's running mate at Tiverton. In 1865 he was defeated due to the Tory agent successfully managing a false rumour that Palmerston's seat was imperilled. However he got back in at the by-election following Palmerston's death.
In 1869 he was responsible for the Evidence Further Amendment Act which allowed atheists to affirm instead of taking the oath and so give evidence in court. George was in favour of franchise extension and contributed to the great debates of 1867. He told Gladstone straight "we should recognise the fact that , so far as this question is concerned, there is no such thing as a Liberal Party, and that every one is at liberty to act and speak for himself without reference to the convenience of his party". He was also an enthusiastic supporter of the University Tests Bill of 1870.
In 1871 George translated Gray's Elegy into Greek. The following year he was appointed a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and resigned his seat. He became a High Court judge three years later. He went on to publish more translations. He retired as a judge in 1892. Vanity Fair commented "He looked like a model judge. But he was never quite so good a judge as he looked".
He died in 1896 aged 76.
Wednesday, 27 November 2013
330 Sir John Salusbury-Trelawny
Constituency : Tavistock 1843-52, 1857-65, East Cornwall 1868-85
Sir John was a Cornish baronet. He was educated at Westminster and Cambridge and became a barrister in 1841 but never actually practised. He entered Parliament for Tavistock in 1843 but over time his liberal views on religion including support for disestablishment , the Maynooth grant and Sunday trading alienated some of his support and he felt obliged to stand down in 1852. He fought Brighton, Liskeard and Bedford before opinion had moved on enough for Tavistock to accept him back in 1857 with the support of the Duke of Bedford.
Sir John was a radical. He campaigned for franchise extension and the ballot. Although an Anglican himself he took up the Nonconformist Liberation Society's cause of abolition of church rates and managed to persuade Tavistock parish to make the payments voluntarily in advance of national legislation to that effect. His position as champion of the Nonconformists and mastery of parliamentary procedure made him an important backbench figure always consulted by the whips. He introduced annual bills on abolition from 1858 to 1863 when he became uncomfortable with the militancy of the Society's parliamentary committee chairman C J Foster.
Sir John kept a detailed parliamentary diary between 1858 and 1865 which is a valuable source for Palmerston's second ministry illustrating the dilemma for radical MPs in that Parliament. He himself became a warm admirer of Palmerston - "what a slave to his duty" - and won his vote for abolition of church rates from 1859 onwards. In turn John became increasingly lukewarm about parliamentary reform and expressed alarm about Gladstone's 1864 speech on the subject.
In the 1860s Sir John brought in bills to allow atheists to give sworn evidence in court rebuffing his critics with the desire " to sin with Hobbes and Bentham". In 1864 he was largely responsible for the initial Contagious Diseases Act. The following year he again felt obliged to surrender Tavistock after local criticism of his support for Sunday museum opening and pubs remaining free to open on a Sunday.
Sir John returned for East Cornwall in 1868 but thereafter was quieter and more conservative defending the principles of the Contagious Diseases Act against mounting criticism.
He died in 1885 aged 69.
Tuesday, 26 November 2013
329 Lord Arthur Russell
Constituency : Tavistock 1857-85
Arthur was a cousin of the Duke of Bedford and nephew to Lord John Russell. He was educated in Germany. From 1849 to 1854 he acted as his uncle's private secretary. He was elected for the family borough of Tavistock in 1857.
Arthur rarely spoke in the Commons. He was involved in the "Tea Room Mutiny" of 1867.
In 1872 Arthur's brother Francis became Duke of Bedford and he was then known as Lord Arthur. He was a great club man and served on the Senate of the University of London from 1875 to his death. His wife Laura was an artist and donated a number of portraits to Tavistock Town Hall. He was touted to succeed his brother Odo as ambassador to Berlin when the latter died in 1884 but it didn't happen.
He stepped down in 1885. He wrote in 1886 that it was useless to argue with Gladstone and became a Liberal Unionist..
He died in 1892 aged 67. Mountstuart Duff in his obituary wrote he was "for his whole career and up to his last hour... a very strong Liberal".
Monday, 25 November 2013
328 Joseph Locke
Constituency : Honiton 1847-60
Joseph was the son of a colliery manager from Tyneside and served an apprenticeship under him. He met George Stephenson who was a fireman there. Joseph's expertise in engineering was already noted as a teenager and Stephenson engaged him to work on the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1823. Despite some differences over method the two worked together on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Joseph was driving Rocket when it killed William Huskisson at the opening of the railway. They moved on to the Grand Junction Railway where they were given responsibility for different halves of the line. Joseph's greater efficiency and skill in project manager was soon exposed and Stephenson walked off the project rather than accept Joseph being given equal status. Joseph subsequently took on the whole project himself where he became noted for the accuracy of his costing. Joseph took on many other railway projects such as the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway and the Manchester and Sheffield Railway. He avoided tunnels whenever possible though he is responsible for the three mile Woodhead Tunnel. He also took on commissions in France and in 1852 broke his leg while surveying a tunnel near Cherbourg. He was president of the Institute of Civil Engineers from 1857-9. Joseph's skills soon earned him a fortune and he became a considerable landowner in Honiton where he became an MP. He only spoke in the House on subjects where he had some expertise and so always gained respectful attention. He made a number of philanthropic gifts to his home town of Barnsley.
He died of appendicitis while on a shooting holiday in 1860 aged 55.
Sunday, 24 November 2013
327 James Buller
Constituency : Exeter 1830-5, North Devon 1857-65
James was a Whig landowner whose father and grandfather had both been MPs. He was unexpectedly defeated at Exeter in 1835 where his family had considerable influence and subsequently very aware of the importance of effective registration. He agreed to contest North Devon in 1837 after assuring himself of the strength of Whig support but he was defeated which some put down to the local Anglican clergy playing on the fact that he had married a Catholic. The Tories also circulated the local agricultural workers on protection ; a sympathetic clergyman told James that he needed to make a "declaration respecting the support of the existing Corn Law". He was chairman of the Bristol and Exeter Railway Company between 1847 and 1857. He returned to Parliament as a Palmerston supporter in 1857.
He died in 1865 aged 66. His son Redvers was a distinguished general in the Boer War.
Friday, 22 November 2013
326 James Wilson
Constituency : Westbury 1847-57, Devonport 1857-9
James was a Quaker mill owner's son from Scotland. He chose a business career and started as an apprentice in a hat factory until his father bought the business for him. In 1837 he suffered heavy losses when the price of indigo fell. In 1853 he founded the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. He became a noted writer on economic matters for newspapers such as the Manchester Guardian as a staunch Free Trader. In 1843 he founded The Economist to campaign for free trade and it is still going today. He entered Parliament in 1847 and Russell appointed him Secretary of the Board of Control, a post he held until 1852. Aberdeen restored him to office as Financial Secretary to the Treasury , a post he held until the fall of Palmerston's administration in 1858.
When Palmerston returned to power in 1859 James briefly served as Paymaster-General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade but like his fellow Devonport MP Thomas Perry he resigned to sit on the Council of India as its financial expert.
James aimed to set up a new tax structure and paper currency. However he stayed in Calcutta during a heat wave in 1860 and died of dysentery aged 55. His neglected tomb was refurbished by an Indian tax official in 2007.
325 Thomas Perry
Constituency : Devonport 1854-9
Thomas was born in Wimbledon, the son of the proprietor of the Morning Chronicle and educated at Charterhouse and Cambridge. He became involved in the reform agitation in 1831 and founded the Parliamentary Candidate Society to further the cause. In this vein he stood for Parliament at Chatham in 1832 but failed to unseat the Whig occupant.. He became a barrister and a law reporter. In 1840 he lost a lot of money in a bank collapse and sought a government post ; he was appointed to serve as a supreme court judge in Bombay. He was chief justice from 1847 to 1852 and president of the Indian board of education for a decade. In 1855 a professorship of jurisprudence was set up at Elphinstone College in Mumbai in his honour. He returned to England in 1852 and wrote a number of pseudonymous letters to The Times calling for the abolition of the East India Company and its replacement by an independent council. He contested a by-election in Liverpool. He was successful at Devonport the following year. He made a mark in Parliament with speeches on increased opportunities for Indian natives and married women's property rights.
Immediately after the 1859 election Thomas was appointed to the Council of India and resigned his seat.
He died in 1882 aged 75.
Thursday, 21 November 2013
324 Christopher Darby-Griffith
Constituency : Devizes 1857-68
Christopher was the son of a major-general. He stood as a Liberal-Conservative but declared himself an independent. He was a considerable Irish landlord.
Christopher died in 1885 aged 81.
Wednesday, 20 November 2013
323 Edward Schenley
Constituency : Dartmouth 1859
Though only briefly an MP Edward had quite a reputation in his time. He was an army captain and a serial eloper with young women most notably Pittsburgh heiress Mary Croghan in 1842 when he was 43 and she a tender 15. The Pittsburgh Dispatch described him as " a gentleman of diminished exchequer, traveling on his shape. He was 6 feet in height, of commanding presence , roving in his disposition". He was actually absent without leave from his post as a commissioner for the suppression of the slave trade in Guyana. Edward nonchalantly requested an extension of the leave he didn't have from Palmerston but was sent back to his post until driven out by a threat from the slave traders to infect him with leprosy. The couple remained married and alternated between living in England and the U.S.
Edward's election was overturned on petition and the Tories won the by-election. He died in 1878 aged 78.
Tuesday, 19 November 2013
322 Anthony Ashley-Cooper ( aka Lord Ashley )
Constituency : Hull 1857-9, Cricklade 1859-65
Anthony was the son and heir of Lord Shaftesbury the famous factory reformer.
Anthony was a patron of the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade.
Anthony succeeded his father in 1885 but he was already suffering from mental illness and committed suicide by shooting himself in a cab just six months later aged 56.
Sunday, 17 November 2013
321 John St Aubyn
Constituency : West Cornwall 1858-85, St Ives 1885-7 ( from 1886 a Liberal Unionist )
John was a baronet's son and heir and the latest in a long line of family parliamentarians. He was also the ground landlord for most of Devonport. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge. He was first elected at a by-election in 1858 and never subsequently opposed at West Cornwall.
John's first election address promised his support for abolition of church rates, educational expansion, economy, Jewish emancipation, manhood suffrage and the ballot ( qualified ).
In 1885 John switched to St Ives which he won after a severe battle. He voted against Home Rule and thus became a Liberal Unionist in 1886.
John resigned his seat in 1887 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron St Levan in Victoria's Jubilee Honours list. Salisbury wrote of this to Hartington "the fact that some (honours) have been made because they are Liberal Unionists should not be hidden under a bushel : and the mention of your name as Sir John St Aubyn's proposer will in his case sufficiently indicate that fact".
He died in 1908 aged 78.
320 Richard Davey
Constituency : West Cornwall 1857-68
Richard was a solicitor's son from Redruth. He was educated at Blundell's School and Edinburgh University. He and his brother Steven were adventurers in Cornish mining during its most prosperous period. He was elected unopposed in 1857.
He died in 1884 aged 85.
Saturday, 16 November 2013
319 Augustus Smith
Constituency : Truro 1857-65
Augustus was a Hertfordshire squire and banker. He was educated at Harrow and Oxford. He acquired a reputation as a philanthropist building non-denominational schools before buying a lease on the Isles of Scilly in 1834 for £20,000. He styled himself "Lord Proprietor" and soon set about making his presence felt. The locals referred to him as "Emperor Smith ". He expelled the unemployed and started depopulating the smaller islands. In 1855 Samson was completely cleared ( of its ten inhabitants ) to create a deer park although they all swam away. More positively he built a new quay at Hugh Town and some more schools and he tried to improve agriculture. He lived at Tresco Abbey where he had children by several of his female servants. He first stood for Truro in 1852 but was defeated by 8 votes. He was returned unopposed five years later.
Augustus was a frequent speaker in the Commons with an opinion on most subjects.
In 1861 Augustus published a genealogical work on the name Smith.
In 1866 Augustus became involved in a dispute with Lord Brownlow when the latter tried to enclose Berkhamstead Common. Augustus hired locals and East End toughs to pull down the fences and a skirmish ensued known as the Battle of Berkhamstead Common. Augustus is still commemorated by a scholarship for state pupils in Berkhamstead.
He died in 1872 aged 67.
Friday, 15 November 2013
318 Samuel Gurney
Constituency : Penryn and Falmouth 1857-68
Samuel was a banker. He was also the first chairman of the London and Provincial District Telegraph Company. He was nephew to the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry and a Quaker.
Samuel was a leading anti-slavery campaigner ( for 18 years President of the Anti-Slavery Society ) and a member of the (pre-Royal) Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.In 1859 he became first chair of the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association promoting the cause of clean drinking water for the public to encourage temperance as tea and coffee were too expensive. Samuel provided much of the Association's funding. He held the position until his death.
He died in 1882 after a long illness aged 65.
Thursday, 14 November 2013
317 Thomas Baring
Constituency : Penryn and Falmouth 1857-66
Thomas was the son and heir of Baron Northbrook and related to the Greys through his mother. He was educated at Twyford and Oxford. He should not be confused with his Tory uncle of the same name. He became private secretary to a number of leading Whigs, Henry Labouchere, George Grey and Charles Wood. It was a natural progression into Parliament in 1857 and Palmerston immediately made him a Lord of the Admiralty.
After Thomas's return in 1859 he was made Under-Secretary of State for India , a post he held until 1861 when he was switched to the War Office. That didn't work out and he was switched back. In 1864 he went to the Home Office under his uncle George Grey. In 1866 he had a brief stint as First Lord of the Admiralty before Russell's government fell. That same year he succeeded his father as Baron Northbrook and left the Commons.
In 1868 Thomas returned to office as Under-Secretary of State for War and played his part in Cardwell's reforms. He held the post until 1872 when he was made Viceroy of India. He pursued a laissez-faire policy of lower taxation and free trade although in 1874 he commissioned some public works in Bengal to alleviate a famine. He wanted to conclude a peace with Sher Ali in Afghanistan but he was over-ruled by the Secretary of State, Argyll. In 1876 he resigned the position after repeated disagreements with Argyll's Tory successor Lord Salisbury and was upgraded to an earl. The Indians referred to him as "the just Northbrook".
In 1880 Thomas joined Gladstone's second Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty. He had to deal with agitation for a stronger navy and in 1884 was despatched to Egypt on a fact-finding mission. His report advised against withdrawing the British garrison yet advised international financial control rather than Britain alone, a proposal that was rejected. This led to a marked decline in his relations with Gladstone.
Thomas disagreed with Gladstone's Home Rule policy and held aloof from his third ministry, spurning offers of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Lord President of the Council. He became a Liberal Unionist. In December 1886 he rejected suggestions that he join Salisbury's Cabinet along with George Goschen. He became closely involved with local government in Hampshire instead. From 1890 to 1893 he was President of the Royal Asiatic Society.
In 1903 Thomas broke with the Liberal Unionists over tariff reform.
Thomas was not a great orator but a reserved and scholarly man who treated any question with a dignified impartiality. His expertise was in finance.
He died in 1904 aged 78.
Wednesday, 13 November 2013
316 Thomas Agar-Robartes
Constituency : Cornwall East 1847-68
Thomas was a scion of a younger branch of the Viscounts Clifden. His father died of typhoid in 1811 when he was three and his two brothers died at a young age. He started managing his estate when he came of age in 1829. He was a philanthropist with a special regard for the Cornish miners. He built and maintained the Miners Infirmary in Redruth and endowed several schools. He came to be known as "the poor man's friend". He also helped purchase a lifeboat and maintain the lifeboat station at Porthleven so it was named after him and served until a year before his death.
Thomas was a regional political boss who nominated one of the two Bodmin members from 1859 to 1868 and its single member down to 1880. He was well regarded as an organisational talent in the early years of the party though he was never part of the government.
Thomas was defeated in 1868 then raised to the peerage the following year as Baron Robartes.
In 1882 Thomas's wife died following a devastating house fire. He died a year later in 1883 aged 73. His son ( also a Liberal MP ) eventually became Viscount Clifden.
Monday, 11 November 2013
315 Ashley Ponsonby
Constituency : Cirencester 1852-7, 1859-65
Ashley was a younger son of Baron de Mauley and a grandson of the Earl of Bessborough. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge. He was a Captain in the Grenadier Guards and served in the Crimea.
Ashley was a backbench Whig. His victories were rare Liberal successes in a Tory seat and he lost out in 1865.
He died in 1898 aged 66.
Sunday, 10 November 2013
314 William Lysley
Constituency : Chippenham 1859-65
William was a barrister. He was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.
William's victory in 1859 was a rare Liberal triumph in the seat. He seems to have been a moderate and spoke against the ballot in 1862. He was defeated in 1865.
He died in 1873 aged 82.
Saturday, 9 November 2013
313 Francis William Berkeley
Constituency : Cheltenham 1856-65
Francis was the son and heir of Baron Fitzhardinge and a grandson of the Duke of Richmond. He was the latest in a long line of Berkeleys to sit for Cheltenham. He was educated at Rugby.He was a Captain in the Royal Horse Guards.
In 1867 Francs succeeded to the barony and went to the Lords.
He died in 1896 aged 69.
Friday, 8 November 2013
312 Robert Lowe
Constituency : Kidderminster 1852-9, Calne 1859-68, London University 1868-80
Robert was one of the most interesting and important figures in the development of the Liberal party. He was the son of a Nottinghamshire rector. He was educated modestly but showed such academic potential that he went to Oxford. He gained a first class in Classics and was a leading participant in Union debates. He went on to be a successful tutor at Oxford for a few years and in 1836 got married to a woman who was thought not to be a social asset.
Robert moved on to London in 1840 with the intention of becoming a barrister but his eyesight was giving him problems as he was an albino. On medical advice he emigrated to Australia and by 1843 he was an MP for Sydney where he made a big impact both as a clever orator and a newspaper columnist. In 1850 he moved back to England to enter the political arena.
Robert immediately joined The Times as one of its best leader-writers and he was soon in Parliament for Kidderminster in 1852. He was the most prominent exponent of Benthamite Utilitarian rationalism in Parliament, the ideologue of "respectability" and despite a cold , unsociable manner was immediately appointed to Joint Secretary of the Board of Control. In 1855 Palmerston switched him to Paymaster General and Vice-President of the Board of Control. In 1856 he piloted the Joint Stock Companies Act which consolidated and codified company law for the first time. A 2003 work described him as "the father of modern company law". In 1857 he narrowly escaped injury in an election riot at Kidderminster which reinforced his dim view of the nature of the working classes.
In 1859 Robert had to switch to Lord Lansdowne's pocket borough of Calne. Palmerston appointed him to Education where he insisted on "payment by results" i.e examination in "the three R's". He also promoted physical science at the expense of the classics. In 1864 his opponents led by Robert Cecil's church party forced his resignation after winning a vote over the way inspectors' results were edited. Posterity has not been kind to Robert's tenure; he has been accused of depreciating teachers' status as a profession and viewing education as a means of pursuing economic rather than humane ends. His views were clearly put , "the lower classes ought to be educated to discharge the duties cast upon them. They should also be educated that they may appreciate and defer to cultivation when they meet it".
Robert had little sense of what was politically expedient and in 1865 greeted the prospect of a second Russell ministry with a stinging editorial in The Times . Unsurprisingly he was not restored to office and this was supposed to have led him into the "Adullamite cave" of Liberals opposed to the Russell/Gladstone Reform Bill. In Robert's case this was unfair. He had a deep-seated intellectual opposition to democracy shaped by his observation of trade unionism in action ,telling his pro-Reform colleagues in 1867 "the elite of the working classes you are so fond of , are members of trades unions... founded on principles of the most grinding tyranny not so much against masters as against each other ...It was only necessary that you should give them the franchise , to make those trades unions the most dangerous political agencies that could be conceived ; because they were in the hands, not of individual members , but of designing men , able to launch them in solid mass against the institutions of the country." The electorate had to maintain "a just balance of the classes".
He was the brains behind the Adullamite movement and made a series of brilliant parliamentary speeches defending Utilitarian meritocracy to defeat the Russell-Gladstone Reform bill and bring down Russell's government. His speech against the Second Reading was hailed by the Pall Mall Gazette as "one of the most magnificent intellectual efforts ever witnessed within the walls of Parliament" and Gladstone himself later recalled "such a command of the House as has never in my recollection been surpassed". For his troubles he was hissed at in the streets and his London home was stoned.
However Robert did not see himself as a rebel; his actions were necessary to bring the Liberal party back to its senses. He the doctrinaire intellectual and Disraeli the dandy pragmatist detested each other and Robert had no time for his colleagues' fanciful talk of a realignment of the centre. He settled into opposing Disraeli's reform plans but the latter's command of Tory votes and willingness to placate Radical Liberals defeated him. His response was to switch his attention back to education and civilising "our future masters".
Robert switched seats again to London University in 1868 and was perhaps surprisingly offered the Chancellorship of the Exchequer by his erstwhile foe Gladstone. Gladstone however had been impressed by his debating skills and strength of purpose under fire and saw him as the ideal man to resist demands for higher public expenditure. Robert was proud of the amounts he shaved off public expenditure but generally his performance was thought to be disappointing. In 1871 he introduced ( characteristically with a clever Latin pun ) a tax on boxes of matches which had to be embarrassingly withdrawn. In 1873 he was moved to the Home Office on the pretext of financial irregularities under his watch.
Robert again showed his penchant for political suicide by offending the queen during debate on the Royal Titles Bill in 1876. When Victoria had to reluctantly send for Gladstone in 1880 she made it a stipulation that his ministry did not include Robert. Gladstone persuaded her with difficulty that they must offer him a peerage which he accepted with bad grace and went to the Lords as Viscount Sherbrooke.
It is doubtful whether Robert could still have been an effective minister as his health was failing and he gradually withdrew from public life. In 1886 he joined the Liberal Unionists but never played a prominent part in their affairs. He died in 1892 aged 80.
Thursday, 7 November 2013
311 Francis Henry Berkeley
Constituency : Bristol 1837-70
Francis was a son of the Earl of Berkeley and declared by the House of Lords in 1811 to be illegitimate. He was educated at Oxford. He was a great shot and amateur boxer. Francis was a Radical and in 1856 he grumbled to his constituents that Palmerston was not enough of a Liberal but still backed him.
Francis was an Anglican but supported religious equality in education.
Francis was a longstanding supporter of the secret ballot with an annual motion to that effect which was rarely passed.
He died in 1870 aged 75.
Wednesday, 6 November 2013
310 Henry Gore-Langton
Constituency : Bridport 1852-65
Henry was the son of a former MP for Somerset and a landowner. He was Mayor of Bristol the year before he entered Parliament.
Henry was a safe Palmerstonian Whig.
He died in 1875 aged 73.
Monday, 4 November 2013
309 Thomas Mitchell
Constituency : Bridport 1841-75
Thomas was a London merchant and banker. He was on the management committee of Lloyds Shipping Register. In 1846 he received a Royal Humane Society Medal for saving a young boy from drowning in a canal.
Thomas held on to Bridport when it was reduced to a single member in 1875.
He died in 1875 aged 63.
Sunday, 3 November 2013
308 Kirkman Hodgson
Constituency : Bridport 1857-68, Bristol 1870-8
Kirkman was an East Indian merchant and banker educated at Charterhouse. He also had an interest in the Grand Trunk of Canada Railway.
Kirkman had a term ( 1863-5 ) as Governor of the Bank of England while still an MP. Most of his parliamentary contributions were on financial questions. Kirkman lost out when Bridport was reduced to one member in 1868 but returned in a by-election for Bristol in 1870 despite some Liberals objecting to the removal of their previous MP by petition. He stood down through illness in 1878.
He died in 1879 aged 65.
Saturday, 2 November 2013
307 Charles Tynte
Constituency : West Somerset 1832-7, Bridgwater 1847-65
Charles was the son of a previous Whig MP for Bridgwater of the same name. He was a colonel in the West Glamorgan regiment and a considerable landowner.
In 1859 there was initially a petition contesting Charles's re-election but it was withdrawn.
He died in 1882 aged 82.
Friday, 1 November 2013
306 Alexander Kinglake
Constituency : Bridgwater 1857-69
Alexander was educated at Eton ( where he met Gladstone ) and Cambridge and became a barrister. He was small and short-sighted. He travelled widely and in 1844 published Eothen ; or Traces of travel brought home from the East, a highly popular account of his travels in the Middle East. It is a riot of political incorrectness , for instance declaring that Bedouin women had "so grossly neglected the prime duty of looking pretty in this transitory life that I could not at all forgive them". He first contested Bridgwater in 1852. He was interested in military matters and visited Algeria in 1845 and the Crimea in 1854 to observe operations. From 1856 he rarely practised , devoting his time to literature and politics. He got in at the 1857 election. He was thought to be an atheist.
Alexander was a socially popular bachelor with a taste for high living and many literary friends. In Parliament he was disadvantaged by his weak voice and unimpressive appearance.
In 1863, at the request of Lady Raglan, Alexander began his 8 volume account of the Crimean War, Invasion of the Crimea which took him twenty- four years to complete. It was criticised for being too favourable to Lord Raglan and too hostile to Napoleon III whom he detested. In 1863 he saved Palmerston's government by his amendment to the motion of censure over Schleswig-Holstein.
Alexander was an advanced Liberal and in 1867 thought it was disreputable to oppose Disraeli on Reform after he had made concessions.
After Alexander's return in 1868 the result was voided on the grounds of extensive corruption and the borough was disenfranchised in 1870.
In his later years Alexander became very deaf. He died of throat cancer in 1891 aged 81.
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