Tuesday, 31 December 2013
371 Sir William Russell
Constituency : Dover 1857-9, Norwich 1860-74
In 1860 the whole result at Norwich was voided for corruption and the two MPs Henry Schneider and Viscount Bury were ejected. However they were both replaced by fellow Liberals in the by-election.
Sir William was a baronet's son. The family had an estate near Cheltenham.He joined the army in 1841 and rose through the ranks to become a Lieutenant-General. He served in the Crimea and during the Indian Rebellion. He was first elected for Dover in 1859 but defeated two years later.
Sir William was a railway promoter looking to move eastwards from Cheltenham but his big plans were not successful. In 1870 he suffered a financial disaster when his company's scheme to reclaim some land on the Essex coast and fertilise it with London sewage failed to attract public support. He avoided formal bankruptcy but was stripped of almost all his posssessions including the family estate.
Sir William retired in 1874.
He died in 1892 aged 69.
Monday, 30 December 2013
370 Charles O' Conor aka The O'Conor Don
Constituency : Roscommon 1860-80
Charles chalked up another gain for the Liberals when the election of the Tory Thomas Goff was voided.
Charles was a Catholic educated at Downside School in England and London university.
Charles became President of the Royal Irish Academy and the Society for the Preserving of the Irish Language. He supported separate education for Catholics. He opposed Gladstone's University Bill of 1873 and in 1879 he brought forward his own proposal for a "St Patrick's" university. He withdrew it when the government introduced the University of Ireland Bill
Charles was a proponent of state purchase and resale of land. He made a speech in the Commons in 1876, rebutting the idea that Ireland was favoured by the tax system when in fact the reverse was true. He declared his support for home rule in 1872 and supported Butt's move for an inquiry into constitutional relations in 1874.
In 1874 Charles was elected as a supporter of home rule but refused to take the party pledge demanded by Parnell. He was defeated by the Home Rule League in 1880 and unsuccessfully stood for Wexford in a by-election in 1883. He sat on the Senate of the new University of Ireland. He took over the chairmanship of the royal commission on fiscal relations when Hugh Childers died in 1894.
He died in 1906 aged 68.
Sunday, 29 December 2013
374 James White
Constituency : Plymouth 1857-9, Brighton 1860-74
James arrived in July 1860 replacing the deceased George Pechell at Brighton.
James was a London merchant engaged in trade with China and a city alderman. He was a Radical who had been defeated at Plymouth in 1859.
James spoke against army flogging and for a reduction in army expenditure. He was an enthusiastic supporter of retrenchment measures and wanted the annual estimates scrutinised by an all-party finance committee. He opposed grants for religious purposes.
James was defeated in 1874.
He died in 1883 aged 73.
368 William Stacpoole
Constituency : Ennis 1860-74 , 1874-9 ( Home Rule League )
William came in unopposed to replace John Fitzgerald who resigned to become a judge. He had turned the candidacy down in 1859 to continue in business with the Ennis Gas Company
William was a 30 year old captain of the Clare militia educated at Cheltenham and Trinity College Dublin.
William repeatedly pressed for a royal residence in Ireland. He supported tenants' rights, the secret ballot and parliamentary reform. The Irish Times described his speeches as "well arranged , skilfully argued and moderate in tone"
William fought off a rival Liberal in 1865 then was unopposed in 1868. He defected , probably reluctantly to the Home Rule League for the 1874 election in which he defeated The O' Gorman Mahon, one of the founders of the party. Despite this he declined the offer of a whip's post in 1875 from Disraeli.
He died after a short illness in 1879 aged 49.
Saturday, 28 December 2013
367 Charles Carnegie
Constituency : Forfarshire 1860-72
Charles came in in February 1860 to replace Adam Haldane-Duncan who had inherited his father's title.
Charles was the brother of the Earl of Southesk.He joined the army in 1850 and rose to the rank of lieutenant. He left in 1855.
Charles spoke mainly on Scottish legal matters in Parliament.
Charles resigned his seat in 1872 to become Inspector of Constabulary in Scotland.
He died in 1906 aged 73.
Friday, 27 December 2013
366 John Dent
Constituency : Knaresborough 1852-7 , Scarborough 1857-9, 1860-74
John came back in at Scarborough to replace William Denison ( who had squeezed him out in 1859 ) on his elevation to the peerage.
John was a landowner educated at Eton and Cambridge. He had an interest in a savings bank. He also ran a private school and objected to government inspection. He was a Freemason.
John spoke mainly on financial and agricultural questions . He backed Gladstone's position during the Tea Room Mutiny.
After leaving Parliament in 1874 John was chairman of the North Eastern Railway from 1880 to his death.
He died in 1894 aged 68.
365 Hugh Childers
Constituency : Pontefract 1860-85, Edinburgh South 1886-92
Hugh was one of the more significant by-election victors when he came in at Pontefract in January 1860 replacing the Tory William Overend who had been obliged to resign. Hugh had been a defeated candidate in 1859.
Hugh was a London vicar's son educated at Cheam and Cambridge.The novelist and spy Erskine Childers was his cousin. In 1850 he and his wife emigrated to Australia. He joined the government of Australia and served as a school inspector, immigration agent and auditor-general. He was also a railway director and instrumental in the founding of the University of Melbourne. He was the chairman of a bank in England and an Indian railway, and deputy-chair of an Australian bank He returned to Britain in 1857.
Hugh made his mark in debates on colonial matters and sat on a royal commission on penal servitude in 1864 which resulted in the abolition of transportation.
Hugh's ministerial career began under Palmerston in 1864 as Civil Lord of the Admiralty. In 1865 the role of Financial Secretary to the Treasury was added and he held both posts until the end of Russell's government. At the Treasury he worked closely with Gladstone and became a close friend and disciple.
In 1867 Hugh moved an amendment to the Second Reform Act to make compounding optional everywhere.
In 1868 Hugh joined Gladstone's cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty. Gladstone wanted him to keep a tight rein on naval expenditure seeing him as "a man likely to scan with a rigid eye the civil expenses of the Naval Service". He was thought to be autocratic and overbearing .Hugh delivered a budget just below the £10M mark and neutralised the Board of Admiralty by narrowing its remit and rarely convening meetings. He was embarrassed by the sinking of HMS Captain which he commissioned against advice. His own son Leonard died on the ship. He attempted to shift the blame to the Controller of the Navy Spencer Robinson who complained that "His endeavours were directed to throw the blame which might be supposed to attach to himself, on those who had throughout expressed their disapproval of such methods of construction".Hugh replaced him but himself had to resign on health grounds in 1871.
Hugh retired to the Continent but was sufficiently recovered to take the post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1872. The by-election to take up the post was the first to use a secret ballot. He stood down in 1873 to make way for Bright to take the role.
When the Liberals came back in 1880 Hugh was Secretary for War for which he had little liking and against the opposition of the queen. He carried through the re-organisation of the army on territorial lines, improved the pay and conditions of non-commissioned officers and abolished flogging.His cost reduction programme was stymied by the Boers and the invasion of Egypt in 1882. That year he was switched to Chancellor of the Exchequer which was more to his liking. His 1885 budget raising alcohol duty and income tax to meet a shortfall was rejected by Parliament and the beleaguered government fell.
Hugh was defeated at Pontefract in 1885 but returned in a by-election the following year at Edinburgh South as an independent Home Ruler ( this before Gladstone's announced conversion ). He was Home Secretary in Gladstone's third ministry and got the financial clauses in the Home Rule bill changed by threatening resignation.
After leaving government Hugh's health began to fail and he stood down in 1892 . He created some debate with his 1894 report on Irish finance after chairing a commission. His contention that the Irish were being charged too much tax was used as a political weapon in the drive for greater autonomy and the report's implications were still being debated in the 1920s.
Hugh became very portly in later life and his HCE initials were said to stand for "Here Comes Everybody".
He died in 1896 aged 68.
Thursday, 26 December 2013
364 John Blencowe
Constituency : Lewes 1860-5
John came in at Lewes to replace the deceased Peelite Henry Fitzroy.
John was a Sussex magistrate.
He died in 1900 aged 85.
Wednesday, 25 December 2013
369 Richard Padmore
Constituency : Worcester 1860-8
Richard came in at Worcester following the resignation of William Laslett.
Richard was an ironmaster originally from Shropshire. He was a partner in Hardy and Padmore from 1829 and it was one of the country's major foundries. He was a dissenter. He was Mayor of Worcester in 1848 and 1852. He also had interests in banking.
Richard was a keen believer in self-help and during his presidency of the Worcester Literary and Scientific Institute offered a cash prize for the three best essays on improving the education of the working classes.
Richard stood down in 1868. His place was taken by Laslett , now in Tory colours, after three Liberal candidates split the vote.
He died in 1881 aged 91.
363 Sir Francis Goldsmid
Constituency : Reading 1860-78
We move on to 1860 and Francis came in at Reading when Sir Henry Keating the Solicitor-General resigned to become a Judge of Common Pleas.
Francis was a member of the Goldsmid banking family. His father was a baronet. He was privately educated and became the first Jewish barrister in England. He produced a number of pamphlets supporting the Jewish Disabilities Bill. He was one of the founders of the Reform Synagogue in 1841.
Francis was a great philanthropist for Jewish causes. He founded the Jews Free School and made many endowments to University College London. He also frequently raised the plight of Jews in Eastern Europe in Parliament. He founded the Anglo-Jewish Association in 1871. He also donated £5,000 to the cost of Reading's new town hall.
Francis was also a supporter of women's causes. He was on the committee of the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women and voted for Mill's female suffrage amendment to the Reform Bill in 1867. His wife Louisa was a member of all the early women's suffrage societies although always on the moderate side.
Francis was a moderate in his politics. In the great Reform debates he moved the exclusion of joint occupiers from the franchise.
He died in 1878 in an accident at Waterloo Station a day after his 70th birthday.
Tuesday, 24 December 2013
362 Harry Thompson
Constituency : Whitby 1859-65
The first gain involving a new MP occurred in November 1859 when Harry took the Tory seat of Whitby following the death of its MP Robert Stephenson. He read out a celebratory poem he had just composed at the declaration.
Harry was educated privately and went to Cambridge. Harry had two main interests, agriculture and railways. He was one of the founders of the Royal Agricultural Society in 1838. He was Chairman of the North Eastern Railway from 1855 to 1874. He was also a landowner in Yorkshire.
Harry spoke in favour of Russell's 1860 Reform Bill. He was defeated in 1865. In 1868 he stood for East West Riding but was unsuccessful.
He was created a baronet shortly before his death in 1874. He was 65.
Monday, 23 December 2013
361 Dudley Marjoribanks
Constituency : Berwick-upon-Tweed 1853-9,1859-68, 1874-81
Like James Wyld at Bodmin, Dudley got back in by forcing the Tory victor to resign in exchange for dropping his petition. He won the by-election by one vote.
Dudley was the son of a wealthy Scottish banker. He was educated at Harrow and Oxford and became a barrister. He added to his fortune by purchasing Meux Brewery . He was also a director of the East India Company. He bought large estates in Scotland and Berwickshire and he was largely responsible for breeding the golden retriever. He entered Parliament for Berwick in a by-election in 1853.
Dudley rarely spoke in the House.
In 1868 Dudley had to forgo standing because his bank ( Coutts ) had a government contract . In 1872 he was called to the House to answer for the clearances he made in establishing his shooting estate at Guisachan. Dudley appears to have gone about this in a relatively humane and patient manner but he was still criticised. Dudley regained the seat in 1874 to the displeasure of Viscount Bury who had held the seat in the meantime.
Dudley was created Baron Tweedmouth in 1881. He died in 1894 aged 69.
Sunday, 22 December 2013
360 Ralph Osborne
Constituency : Chipping Wycombe 1841-7, Middlesex 1847-57, Dover 1857-9, Liskeard 1859-65, Nottingham 1866-8, Waterford City 1870-74
Ralph came in at Liskeard to replace Ralph Grey when he became Commissioner of Customs.
Ralph was the son of the wealthy landowning MP Ralph Bernal. He was educated at Charterhouse and Cambridge. He adopted the surname Osborne on marrying Isabella Osborne the daughter of an Anglo-Irish baronet possibly to mask his family's Sephardic Jewish origins. He joined the army in 1831 and rose to the rank of captain before leaving in 1844. By that time he was already MP for the first of his six constituencies having unexpectedly triumphed against the influence of Lord Carington. Ralph was a frequent speaker for advanced liberal causes; Disraeli described his passion as "a wild shriek of liberty". He was known for his manners and wit and always had a good audience. He switched to Middlesex in 1847 and held it in 1852 despite fierce opposition from the Church party. Along with Roebuck and Hume he had been a Radical critic of Russell's ministry in the House. He became First Secretary of the Admiralty under Aberdeen and held the post until the fall of Palmerston's first ministry. He switched to Dover for the 1857 election and was defeated there in 1859 partly due to some injudicious remarks about dockyard wages.
Ralph was opposed to Palmerston's fortifications scheme and criticised the government over Schleswig-Holsten. This did not go down well in his constituency and the local association invited Arthur Buller to contest the forthcoming election. Ralph promptly resigned his seat in a fit of pique causing two unnecessary by-elections as Buller switched seats.
Ralph returned in 1866 as the victor in a hotly contested by-election in Nottingham but he was trounced there in 1868. In 1869 he contested Waterford City in a by-election. He was defeated but unseated the victor on petition and won the second by-election. In 1874 he was ejected by the Home Rule League bringing his political career to an end.
William Courtney writing in the Dictionary of National Biography said "His failure to reach those positions which his talents justified was due to his want of official industry and to the absence of that sobriety of judgement which is dear to the average Englishman".
He died in 1882 aged 73.
359 Arthur Buller
Constituency : Devonport 1859-65, Liskeard 1865-9
Arthur came in at Devonport replacing James Wilson when he went to India.
Arthur was a West Country landlord and MP's son born in Calcutta and educated at Cambridge. He had had a long career as a lawyer before entering Parliament. In 1838 he was on the Special Council administering Lower Canada and produced a report on education with the controversial suggestions that English take precedence over French and religious instruction be less Catholic blocked by opponents. He moved on to Crown Attorney for Ceylon from 1840 to 1848 and judge of the Supreme Court of Calcutta from 1848 to 1858.
Arthur supported the secret ballot and colonial self-government.
Arthur switched seats to Liskeard necessitating two by-elections in 1865 just before the general election.
He died in 1869 aged 60.
Friday, 20 December 2013
358 James Wyld
Constituency : Bodmin 1847-52, 1857-9 1859-68
The first Liberal gain of the Parliament occurred when the Tory victor at Bodmin William Michell resigned his seat in exchange for the Liberal candidate, James , dropping his petition for corruption. Bizarrely, John Roebuck tried to scupper the deal because he wanted Michell to face charges that would arise if the petition went ahead.
James was a cartographer's son. He was educated at Woolwich. He inherited the title of Geographer Royal when his father died in 1836. He was an opportunistic businessman and would sometimes produce maps of rail networks before they were actually built. He tried to raise opposition to the Ordnance Survey but later made his peace with them and became one of the official outlets for their maps. He designed and built The Great Globe, a tourist attraction in Leicester Square from 1851 to 1862.It was very successful at first but interest waned and James attracted litigation when he failed to restore the gardens previously on site when the lease expired. He was first elected in 1847 though he faced accusations of bribery. In 1852 he unsuccessfully contested Finsbury.
He was an advanced Liberal and would vote against any reform measure that he thought didn't go far enough. He also promoted industrial schools in British cities.
He died in 1887 aged 75.
Thursday, 19 December 2013
357 Michael Seymour
Constituency : Devonport 1859-63
Sir Michael replaced Thomas Perry at Devonport when he was appointed to the Council of India.
Michael was the son of Admiral Seymour who served in the Napoleonic Wars.He joined the navy at a young age. From 1851 to 1854 he was Commodore Superintendent of Devonport Dockyard. He then saw service in the Baltic Campaign of the Crimean War under Charles Napier where he was promoted to Rear Admiral and became second in command. In 1856 he became commander-in-chief of the East Indies and China station and led the naval response to the attack on the Arrow forcing the Chinese to accept the Treaties of Tianjin.
Although Michael's parliamentary career was brief he spoke frequently in the House on naval matters and his presence was a boon to Palmerston in his tussles with Gladstone over defence spending. He sympathised with the South in the American Civil War and tipped off a Confederate agent about plans to seize the warship that became the Alabama.
In 1863 Michael became Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth and resigned his seat. It fell to the Tories in the by-election. He held the post until 1866. He retired in 1870 and received the title of Vice-Admiral of the UK in 1876.
He died in 1887 aged 84.
356 Edmond Roche aka Lord Fermoy
Constituency : County Cork 1837-52 Marylebone 1859-65
Edmond replaced Sir Benjamin Hall at Marylebone after his elevation to the Lords.
Edmond , an Irish landlord related to Edmund Burke, had previously represented County Cork for sixteen years. In 1856 he was created Baron Fermoy for political services although as an Irish peer he was still eligible to stand for the House of Commons. He had moved to London after losing large estates in Cork and Limerick as a result of Irish disorder.
Edmond was a Radical and attacked those Liberals who resisted Parliamentary Reform. Gladstone's biographer Richard Shannon describes him as "a political non-entity".
Edmond left Parliament in 1865 but Gladstone used him as a sort of unofficial envoy to Ireland in the 1874 election campaign.
He died in 1874 aged 59. He was a maternal ancestor of Diana Princess of Wales.
Wednesday, 18 December 2013
355 Anthony Henley aka Lord Henley
Constituency : Northampton 1859-74
Anthony replaced Robert Vernon Smith at Northampton after his elevation to the Lords.
Like Palmerston himself Anthony was an Irish peer, the third Baron Henley.
In the latter part of his parliamentary career Anthony came under pressure from his electors who wanted the Radical Charles Bradlaugh to represent them rather than an old-style Whig. Bradlaugh first contested the seat in 1868. In 1874 his intervention meant the loss of one of the seats to the Conservatives with Anthony the defeated MP.
Anthony was created Baron Northington in 1885.
He died in 1898 aged 73.
Tuesday, 17 December 2013
354 Francis Lyons
Constituency : Cork City 1859-65
The first newcomer was an Irishman replacing William Fagan who had died just 10 days after the election. He was unopposed.
Francis was the son of the first Catholic Lord Mayor of Cork. He was a doctor educated at Paris and Edinburgh.
Francis resigned his seat early in 1865. He died later that year aged 70.
Monday, 16 December 2013
353 Sidney Herbert
Constituency : South Wiltshire 1832-46 (Tory) 1846-61
We conclude our look at the class of 1859 with an important figure who was instrumental in the founding of the party and could have ended up its leader had fate not decreed otherwise. Sidney was a younger son of the Earl of Pembroke. He was educated at Harrow and Oxford where he made his name in debate. He started life as a Tory in South Wiltshire when he was just 22. Peel recognised his abilities and made him Joint Secretary to the Board of Control in his short ministry of 1834-5. When Peel returned to power in 1841 he made Sidney First Secretary of the Admiralty and in 1845 promoted him to Secretary at War. Sidney followed Peel into exile and resumed his previous office under Aberdeen. He was responsible for the War Office during the Crimean War. As Gladstone described it "Herbert strained himself morning, noon and night to invent wants for the army and according to his best judgement or conjecture to supply them". He sent Florence Nightingale out to Scutari and became her parliamentary champion thereafter. He relinquished the post to Lord Newcastle in 1854 but was restored to the Cabinet by Palmerston in 1855 as Colonial Secretary. In 1855 he resigned with the rest of the Peelites from Palmerston's first ministry over the Crimean War enquiry but regretted it almost immediately and spent the next few years urging his colleagues to throw their lot in with Palmerston particularly after the 1857 election reduced the Peelites to a few chiefs with no Indians. He thought it would take longer than Palmerston's remaining lifetime for the Tories to regenerate themselves and rejected Derby's suggestion of a pact before the election. He understood Palmerston's appeal to the country gentlemen who made up most of the party ; they were " very independent in habits and feelings and the time is gone by when they will vote like a flock of sheep for whatever some half dozen men may concoct in a library." In his own constituency he found that Palmerston was more popular amongst Tory voters than amongst professed liberals. He was the main organising force behind the Willis's Tea Room Meeting and spoke for the Peelite position ( not at that point including Gladstone ) there.
Palmerston rewarded Sidney with a return to the War Office and the two men became close friends and allies. In 1860 he backed Palmerston to the hilt over the militia ; he believed that the advent of steam and iron required a change in defence policy : "We must look at our Army now altogether from a different point of view. Our insular security as such is lost . No mere preponderance of our fleet in the Channel can insure perfect security". He threatened to resign if Gladstone got his way on cutting defence spending. Palmerston commented " We must not part with him for so small a sum. He is by far the best administrator of Army Matters I have ever known". Palmerston came to see Sidney as a possible successor but the younger man's health began to fail and he had to resign from his post in July 1861.
He was created Baron Herbert of Lea but died just a month later of Bright's disease. The Tories finally reclaimed the seat at the by-election.
Speaking of by-elections we now move on to those Liberals who entered Parliament during the life of the 1859-65 Parliament. These will be covered in chronological order.
Sunday, 15 December 2013
352 Edmund Antrobus
Constituency : East Surrey 1841-7, Wilton 1855-77
Edmund was a baronet's son from Wiltshire who was educated at Cambridge. His lands included Stonehenge and he resisted the idea that a government agency should take responsibility for preserving it.
Edmund resigned his seat in 1877 in protest at Gladstone's Eastern campaign complaining that he was encouraging Russia to threaten war with Turkey and putting the Liberal party in "active and warlike cooperation" with Russia. The Tories captured the seat.
He died in 1899 aged 80.
Edmund was a baronet's son from Wiltshire who was educated at Cambridge. His lands included Stonehenge and he resisted the idea that a government agency should take responsibility for preserving it.
Edmund resigned his seat in 1877 in protest at Gladstone's Eastern campaign complaining that he was encouraging Russia to threaten war with Turkey and putting the Liberal party in "active and warlike cooperation" with Russia. The Tories captured the seat.
He died in 1899 aged 80.
Friday, 13 December 2013
351 Sir William Hayter
Constituency : Wells 1837-65
William was educated at Winchester and Oxford and became a barrister. He entered Parliament in 1837 and was a committed Free Trader. He joined Russell's government in 1847 as Judge Advocate General. Two years later he was promoted to Financial Secretary to the Treasury. In 1850 he became Chief Whip. He resumed that position under Aberdeen, advising him not to proceeed with Russell's Reform Bill in 1854 and held it under Palmerston.He helped Russell survive in the 1857 election. He was partly responsible for Palmerston's defeat over the Conspiracy to Murder Bill, allowing some of his people to leave unpaired. He was knighted on his retirement in 1858.
In 1861 William was presented with a massive silver plate to commemorate his service as whip at Willis's. Pretty much the entire parliamentary party attended.
William was a keen agriculturalist.
In later life he suffered from depression and was found drowned in a lake on his estate in 1878. He was 86.
350 James Martin
Constituency : Tewkesbury 1859-65
James was the latest in a long line of Martins to represent Tewkesbury. They were bankers.
He died in 1878 aged 71.
Thursday, 12 December 2013
349 Henry Labouchere
Constituency : St Michael 1826-30, Taunton 1830-59
Henry was of Huguenot merchant stock and connected to the Barings through his mother and then wife. He was educated at Winchester and Oxford. There was a suggestion that his first marriage to his cousin Frances Baring was part of a deal to merge the bank of which he was a director with Barings,He was first elected as a Whig in 1830. He switched to Taunton in 1830 and trounced Disraeli there in 1835. In 1832 Grey made him a Civil Lord of the Admiralty. Melbourne promoted him to Vice-President of the Board of Trade in 1835 and he progressed to President and Cabinet rank in 1839. In 1846 Russell made Henry Chief Secretary for Ireland where he promoted public works to reduce distress but he returned to his previous post after a year and made his name by abolishing the Navigation Laws. He did not join Aberdeen's government occupying himself with the Royal Commission for the City of London between 1854 and 1855. He then served as Colonial Secretary in Palmerston's first ministry.
Henry was described by Lord Campbell as "a very pretty speaker " and "such a perfect gentleman that in the House of Commons he is heard with peculiar favour". He was also one of the richest MPs in the Commons.
Immediately after the 1859 election Henry was raised to the peerage as Baron Taunton gifting the Tories an early by-election gain.
He died in 1869 aged 70. His nephew and namesake became a prominent Radical in the party.
Wednesday, 11 December 2013
348 Edward Horsman
Constituency : Cockermouth 1836-52, Stroud 1853-68, Liskeard 1869-76
Edward was the son of a wealthy Scot who had married a baronet's daughter. He went to Rugby and Cambridge and became a Scottish barrister but soon turned to politics. He first contested Cockermouth in 1835 and got in the following year. In 1840 he fought a duel with another MP who he felt had insulted the queen.He was a junior whip in the last year of Melbourne's government. During Russell's government he emerged as a fierce and sometimes personal critic of his ecclesiastical policy moving a vote of censure on the ecclesiastical commissioners in 1847. Not for the last time in his career he was denounced as "a disappointed man ".He was defeated in 1852 and went south to Stroud where he got in unopposed the following year. In the early 1850s he was a "Goderichite" supporting the future Lord Ripon's calls for administrative reform. As a moderate he was regarded favourably by Palmerston who appointed him Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1855. He resigned the post after the 1857 election in order to pursue a more independent line. It seemed only that he was only Liberal in that he despised Derby and Disraeli slightly more than Palmerston and Russell". He became known for his grouchiness, Punch commenting that "Horsman and hope" was an equivalent toast to "Gladstone and few words". He opposed evicting the Tories over Reform as that would only postpone a settlement "to a period when the passions of the million may be brought in to override and usurp the functions of a statesman".
Edward was originally perceived as an extreme Radical but this was more due to his rudeness in debate than his actual politics. His future ally Lowe wrote in The Times of his "strain of bitter and uncalled-for personality ".
Edward was a fly in the ointment at the Willis's Tea Room meeting, still wanting the Tories to settle Reform. In 1861 he foretold "The day is not far distant when a new conflict of opinions must begin, and every earnest politician will have to buckle on his armour". In 1862 he tabled an amendment to Stansfield's motion on retrenchment stressing the need for continued defence spending. In 1865 Russell considered bringing him into the Cabinet thinking it might placate around two dozen dissenters.
Instead Edward became an Adullamite and was initially perceived as their leader; in Bright's famous words he retreated "into what may be called his political cave of Adullam, into which he invited every one who was in distress, and every one who was discontented". Unsurprisingly Edward had a different view of his conduct ; he was the keeper of the flame of Palmerstonian moderation ; "Lord Palmerston would never have been weak enough to be persuaded that England would be governed from Manchester or the Liberal party dominated over by the member for Birmingham . The wise and tranquil policy of Lord Palmerston was to be reversed , the days of truce and compromise were over, and so was the reign of moderate Liberalism behind the Treasury benches." He described Gladstone's speech introducing the Bill in 1866 as "Another bid for power... another political fraud and parliamentary juggle". In the 1867 debates he declared "There is an irreconcilable enmity between democracy and freedom".
In 1868 he left Stroud to challenge James Merry at Falkirk Burghs but was seen off. He re-entered Parliament at Liskeard in 1869 fighting off a challenge from a more advanced Liberal and had to do the same again in 1874.
He died in France in 1876 aged 68.
347 George Scrope
Constituency : Stroud 1833-67
George was born as George Thomson , the son of a successful trader with interests in Russia. He was educated at Harrow and initially Oxford but switched to Cambridge due to his scientific bent. There he developed his interest in geology. Before graduating he married Emma Phipps the heiress of William Scrope and appropriated that surname. Soon after their marriage Emma was disabled in a riding accident and George kept a mistress in London with whom he had a son. Emma and George eventually adopted him as their own. George's specialist interest was volcanoes; he witnessed the eruption of Vesuvius in 1822 and published his treatise Consideration on Volcanoes in 1826. George also became involved in political questions and earned the nickname "Pamphlet Scrope" for his prolific output. He stood for Stroud in 1832 and got in after his opponent was unseated on petition.
George did not speak often in the House but wrote a number of articles on political economy where he challenged some of the Classical doctrines. He viewed the greatest economic good as social welfare and was criticised for advocating emigration as the cure for all ills. In the Reform debates he tried to remove liability to rating for the poorest.
In later years George was affected by blindness and he resigned his seat in 1867. His first wife having died he married a woman over forty years younger.
He died in 1876 aged 78.
Tuesday, 10 December 2013
346 George Glyn the younger
Constituency : Shaftesbury 1857-73
George was the son of the similarly named banker and MP for Kendal. He was educated at Rugby and Oxford. He was a partner in the family business challenging the Rothschilds in Austria and advising on the Overend Gurney crisis. He
George was first elected in 1857. In 1866 he became the Liberals' chief whip in opposition and had to become an inactive partner in the bank. He was an important player in the development of the party and deserves some of the credit for the 1868 election triumph after making a deal with the Reform League. He also put the whips' office in the same headquarters as the Liberal Registration Association thus strengthening links between the parliamentary party and the local associations. He was rewarded with the Chief Whip in the Commons position. In 1873 he failed to secure a majority for the Irish Universities Bill and shortly afterwards he succeeded his father as Baron Wolverton and left the Commons.
In Gladstone's second ministry George was Paymaster-General for the duration. He stayed loyal to his friend Gladstone over Home Rule and was Postmaster-General in his brief third ministry. In the latter capacity he used his salary to fund a convalescent home for sick postmen
George was a keen hunter and owned a pack of bloodhounds. He also enjoyed yachting and racing.
He died in 1887 aged 64. Shortly before his death he had presided over a great anti-coercion demonstration at Brighton.
345 Edward Buckley
Constituency : Salisbury 1852-65
Edward was a Lieutenant-General in the Grenadier Guards who fought at Waterloo. He married the daughter of the Earl of Radnor whose family had a huge influence on the seat.
He died in 1882 aged 86.
344 Matthew Marsh
Constituency : Salisbury 1857-68
Matthew was the son of an Anglican clergyman. He was educated at Westminster and Oxford. He became a barrister but found little work in England and emigrated to Australia in 1840. He purchased some large estates there. He briefly returned to England in 1844 to get married. As a landowner he was noted for employing cheap Chinese shepherds rather than English immigrants. In 1851 he was elected unopposed to the Legislative Council for New England and Macleay where he expressed his distaste for democracy. In 1855 he returned to England and two years later was elected for Salisbury.
Matthew was re-elected in 1865 despite being on a 6 month tour of Australia at the time. He published his book Overland from Southampton to Queensland shortly after his return. Matthew followed the lead of his fellow Anglo-Australian Robert Lowe and joined the Adullamites in 1866. He cited his Australian experience as illustration of destructive democracy in action.
Matthew stepped down at Salisbury in 1868 but then unsuccessfully contested a by-election there the following year.
Matthew made his last visit to Australia in 1873.
He died in 1881 aged 70.
Monday, 9 December 2013
343 Robert Collier
Constituency : Plymouth 1852-71
Robert was the son of a Quaker merchant and former MP for the city. He was educated at Plymouth's grammar school and Cambridge where he wrote the satirical poem Granta. He had plans to contest Launceston in 1841 which did not come to fruition and became active in the Anti-Corn Law League. He became a successful barrister making his name with a successful defence of some Brazilian pirates which brought him into contact with Peel and Graham.
In 1859 Robert was appointed Judge Advocate of the Fleet and it was he that advised Russell to detain the Alabama in 1862. The following year he became Solicitor-General and held the post until the fall of Russell's government in 1866. In 1868 Gladstone appointed him Attorney-General and he steered the Bankruptcy Bill through the Commons. He held the post until 1871 when he resigned his seat to join the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. This caused the government some difficulties as new legislation had to be passed to qualify Robert for the appointment. Robert had previously turned down the recordership of Bristol in 1870 after an adverse reaction in his constituency.
Robert was a moderate who blamed over-cautious Liberals for the rising Reform agitation in the 1860s. He backed Palmerston but wanted more firmness in domestic reform. He was an accomplished painter who exhibited his work.
Robert was created Baron Monkswell in 1885. He died in France the following year.
Sunday, 8 December 2013
342 Henry Howard aka Viscount Andover
Constituency : Malmesbury 1859-68
Henry was the son and heir of the Earl of Suffolk, a previous MP for the seat. He was known as Viscount Andover from 1851.
Henry was elected unopposed in 1859 but came through a contest in 1865. He was a rightwinger who joined the Adullamites in 1866. He was defeated in 1868.
Henry succeeded his father in 1876. He edited the Encyclopaedia of Sports in 1897-98.
He died in 1898 aged 64.
Saturday, 7 December 2013
341 William Pinney
Constituency : Lyme Regis 1832 -42, 1852-65
William was a scion of a family that had been involved in slavery and sugar production in the West Indies since the seventeenth century.
William was unseated on petition in 1842.
He died in 1898 aged 91.
Friday, 6 December 2013
340 Ralph Grey
Constituency : Tynemouth and North Shields 1847-52, Liskeard 1854-9
Ralph was one of the Greys of Northumberland. He was elected unopposed in 1847 but defeated five years later. He got back in at Liskeard in 1854.
Ralph resigned his seat shortly after his re-election in 1859 to become a Commissioner of Customs.
He died in 1869 aged 50.
Thursday, 5 December 2013
339 Robert Kingscote
Constituency : Gloucestershire West 1852-85
Robert was the son of a colonel and through his mother a nephew of the Duke of Beaufort. He followed his father into the army namely the Scots Fusilier Guards. He was an aide-de-camp to his great-uncle Lord Raglan in the Crimean War and became a lieutenant-colonel. He was first elected in 1852 at the age of 22. He was a tall slim man with an aristocratic bearing.
In 1859 Robert became a Groom-in-Waiting to Queen Victoria, a position he held until 1866 when he resigned. He became an equerry to the Prince of Wales the following year. He went on to a number of positions in the Royal Household right up to his death.
In 1878 Robert served a term as President of the Royal Agricultural Society.
Robert opposed the Compensation for Disturbance Bill in 1880 believing it would drive capital out of Ireland and create more absentee landlords.
In 1885 Robert resigned his seat to become Commissioner of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues. The Conservatives won the by-election.
Robert resigned the position in 1895. He died in 1908 aged 78.
Wednesday, 4 December 2013
338 William Price
Constituency : Gloucester 1852-9, 1865-73
William was a timber merchant from Gloucester. He was also a director of the Midland Railway Company and the Gloucester Banking Company.
William was unseated on petition along with Charles Monk and like him did not get back until 1865. In 1870 he became chairman of the Midland Railway.
William resigned his seat in 1873 to become a railway commissioner.
He died in 1891 aged 74.
337 Charles Monk
Constituency : Gloucester 1859, 1865-85
Charles was the son of the Bishop of Gloucester. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge. He became a barrister. He first stood for Parliament for Cricklade in 1857.
Charles was elected for Gloucester in 1859 but unseated on petition. The seat was left vcant for three years. He did not contest the by-election in 1862 but returned in 1865.
Charles was the author of the Revenue Officers' Disabilities Removal Act of 1868. He was President of the Association of Chambers of Commerce from 1881 to 1884. In 1884 he became a director of the Suez Canal Company.
Charles wrote a travelogue The Golden Horn and a book of reminiscences of his parliamentary career.
He died in 1900 aged 75.
Tuesday, 3 December 2013
336 Henry Portman
Constituency : Shaftesbury 1852-7, Dorset 1857-85
Henry was the son of Viscount Portman and a grandson of the Earl of Harewood. He was educated at Eton and Oxford.He was one of the largest landowners in London.
Henry was a champion of localism. He disliked centralisation so much he opposed the state collection of statistics. In 1877 he presided over the committee on the Metropolitan Street Improvements Bill.
Henry stood down in 1885 when the county was split into three single-member constituencies.
Henry was a Liberal Unionist after 1886. He succeeded to his father's title in 1888. In 1909 he declared he would be supporting the Unionists at the next election over Lloyd George's Budget.
He died in 1919 aged 90, the only Liberal MP elected in 1859 to survive beyond the First World War.
Monday, 2 December 2013
335 Richard Sheridan
Constituency : Shaftesbury 1845-52, Dorchester 1852-68
Richard was the grandson and namesake of the famous Regency playwright ( and Whig MP ). In 1835 , profligate and penniless. he eloped with a Dorchester heiress Marcia Grant and married her. They became local philanthropists and patrons of literature. Their home was used for political entertaining..
Richard favoured franchise extension.
Richard retired in 1868.
He died in 1888 aged 82.
Saturday, 30 November 2013
334 George Hay aka Earl of Gifford
Constituency : Totnes 1855-62
George was the son and heir of the Marquess of Tweeddale. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge. He was a captain in the East Lothian Yeomanry Cavalry. In 1854 he became private secretary to the Peelite Lord Newcastle then Secretary of War. He entered Parliament the following year.
In 1862 George was involved in a serious accident with a falling tree at Yester Castle. When it became clear his condition was mortal the poet and author Helen Blackwood agreed to marry him after refusing previous proposals. He died two months after the wedding aged 40.
Friday, 29 November 2013
333 Thomas Mills
Constituency : Totnes 1852-62
Thomas was the son of a textile and property magnate who lived at Tolmers Park , Hertfordshire.
In 1860 Thomas leased the house to his fellow MP Thomas Bazley.
He died in 1862.
332 Henry Temple aka Viscount Palmerston
Constituency : Horsham 1806-7 ,Newport Isle of Wight 1807-11, Cambridge University 1811-30 (Tory), 1829-31, Bletchingley 1831-2, Hampshire South 1832-5 , Tiverton 1835-65
We come now to the Prime Minister who formed the first Liberal administration. Partisan historians of the party have always seemed faintly embarrassed about acknowledging the former Tory who invented "gunboat diplomacy" and resisted the march of democracy as a true representative of their creed.
Henry was the son and heir of the Irish peer Viscount Palmerston. He succeeded to the title before he entered Parliament so was always known as "Palmerston" and that is how I'll refer to him from this point onwards. He was educated at Harrow and Edinburgh University where he studied political economy and by his own account learned "whatever useful knowledge and habits of mind I possess" .
Palmerston was first elected for Horsham as a Tory at the age of 22 in 1806 but soon unseated on petition. He got in for the pocket borough of Newport and through patronage obtained his first government office as a junior lord of the admiralty under the Duke of Portland. In 1808 he attracted attention with a good speech defending the attack on the Danish navy and so the incoming Prime Minister Spencer Perceval offered him the then non-Cabinet post of Chancellor of the Exchequer . He declined it and then accepted the unobtrusive post of Secretary at War, a post he held for more than twenty years.
In view of Palmerston's later achievements it seems strange that he burrowed away in relative obscurity as a hardworking and competent minister for so long only attracting attention for a prolonged turf war with the commander-in-chief, the Duke of York. Part of the reason was the distraction of his social success as a handsome young man with impeccable manners and genial disposition. He earned the nickname "Lord Cupid" for his amorous triumphs and the jealousy of the ageing roué George IV who ignored any suggestions from Lord Liverpool for his promotion.
It was Liverpool's retirement in 1827 that set the tectonic plates of politics and Palmerston's own career moving. Though he had not previously shown signs of any liberal tendencies he hitched his star to that of the new PM George Canning and his associates and was rewarded with a seat in the Cabinet alongside the selected Whigs that Canning brought in to shore up his ministry. He retained his place through Goderich's short ministry but resigned from Wellington's government alongside the Canningites' leader Huskisson. He made waves with an effective attack on the Foreign Secretary Aberdeen's policies towards Portugal. After Huskisson's death Wellington invited him back to office but declined unless his Whig friends Lansdowne and Grey came too making his change of allegiance clear.
Grey duly rewarded him with the Foreign Office when he came to power and set the stage for Palmerston's lasting reputation. He was the ultimate patriot, convinced of Britain's superiority as a liberal constitutional monarchy, a model that could be exported to the rest of the world. He was there to further Britain's interests at all times, preserving the balance of power to allow British trade to expand and preserve her commercial superiority. His often brusque manner in despatches earned him the nickname "Lord Pumice-Stone" and alarmed the queen in particular.
Palmerston's first triumph was a peaceful settlement of the Belgian War of Independence. He then started impressing radicals at home with support for the liberals in Spain and Portugal against their reactionary enemies. He also began the longstanding British policy of upholding the integrity of the Ottoman Empire as a bulwark against Russia and France curbing the latter's enthusiasm for the Sultan's rebellious vassal Mehemet Ali.
In 1839 Palmerston married his long time mistress Emily Cowper the sister of the prime minister Lord Melbourne. Her skills as a political hostess brought him great benefits particularly when he was fighting Russell for leadership of the Whigs and she often came to the Commons to cheer him on from the Strangers Gallery like a football fan.
At the same time Palmerston began to arouse opposition to his methods when he launched Britain into the First Opium War, the first example of so-called "gunboat diplomacy" bullying smaller nations into submission to British interests by a resort to force. Palmerston had no personal interest in opium; his intention was to force China into opening her ports to Western commerce but to the likes of Gladstone and Cobden he was a dangerous warmonger.
In 1841 Melbourne's government fell and Peel's Tories won the election beginning Palmerston's only significant spell in opposition. Five years later the Tory schism over the Corn Laws let in Russell to form a minority Whig government. Victoria was extremely reluctant to see Palmerston back at the Foreign Office but both men realised that he could not be resisted and he resumed his work as if he'd never been away . He also began to cultivate the press making a friend of Delane the editor of The Times to raise his popularity in the country. Although Russell feared him as a dangerous rival he had some personal esteem for Palmerston and realised that he was indispensable to his not very strong government. Thus he stoutly defended his foreign secretary against royal criticism.
In 1850 Palmerston sent in the gunboats again this time to bombard the Greeks into paying a very dubious claim for damages by a Portugese Jew Don Pacifico after his house had been attacked by a Greek mob. France and Russia as joint guarantors of Greek independence protested at this ludicrously over-the-top response giving Palmerston's critics their chance to censure him. After sitting through a wave of attacks led by the formidable triumvirate of Cobden, Gladstone and Peel ( in his last political intervention ) Palmerston, often a hesitant speaker , got up and delivered a five hour tour de force, defending his policies and comparing the privileged position of British subjects abroad to that of citizens of ancient Rome. Palmerston 's peroration turned the mood of the House right round and he routed his critics.
There was a price to be paid though. Russell was now terrified of him and became the queen's ally in trying to bring him down. They soon found a cause in Palmerston's premature congratulations to Louis Napoleon's coup in France which had not been cleared with the queen. Russell sacked him and brought diplomatic despatches to the House to justify himself. Palmerston put up little defence causing Disraeli's premature obituary "There was a Palmerston". Palmerston soon retaliated by raising an opposition to Russell's militia bill and bringing his government down- his "tit for tat with Johnny Russell."
After the brief interlude of Derby's first government it fell to the Peelite Lord Aberdeen to form a government constructed broadly around support for Free Trade. Both Russell and Palmerston had to be included and the latter accepted the post of Home Secretary. It was now that Palmerston seriously undermined Russell's position firstly by being a good colleague in Cabinet in contrast to his fellow Whig who was seething with resentment at his subordinate position and secondly by proving himself a true liberal with some much needed reforms to prisons, factories, employment and public health. When the government hit the rocks over the Crimean War in 1855 Palmerston's hands remained clean while Russell appalled all sides by deserting the government at the moment of crisis. After Aberdeen resigned Palmerston earned himself more kudos by agreeing to serve under Russell secure in the knowledge that no one else would and Derby under a condition that he knew could not be met. The queen bowed to the inevitable and invited him to form his first government at the age of 71, still the oldest man ever to begin his first premiership.
It began as a continuation of the Aberdeen coalition under a new head but most of the Peelites resigned after three months after the scope of the inquiry into their conduct became clear. Thus Palmerston was left with a purely Whig government soon bereft of Russell too after he botched his special mission to the Crimean peace negotiations in Vienna and had to resign. The Treaty of Paris in 1856 was heralded as another triumph for Palmerston though he did not get what he wanted and trouble was just around the corner. The Chinese seized a British ship sparking another conflict and Palmerston's fiercest critic Cobden launched a motion of censure upon him supported by the disgruntled Russell. Disraeli cynically joined them to inflict a defeat on the PM. It backfired in spectacular fashion when Palmerston went to the country and an army of moderate liberals appeared to challenge his critics in their constituencies. Many Tory candidates had to express their support for him ( many rather liked him anyway ) to make sure of getting back in. Apart from Russell all his main critics were defeated and Palmerston had a strong majority.
Palmerston's government passed the Matrimonial Causes Act making divorce a civil matter defeating a filibuster led by Gladstone in the process and the Government of India Act transferring the East India Company's authority to the Crown. Then the government abruptly fell in 1858 when an Italian terrorist tried to assassinate Louis Napoleon. As the bomb was made in England the French protested and Palmerston obligingly introduced the Conspiracy To Murder Bill making it an offence to plot terrorism aimed at foreign countries on British soil. This was felt to be unpatriotic by many government supporters and when Disraeli saw the extent of opposition the Tories withdrew their support to defeat Palmerston. As he could not go to the country on this issue another Derby minority government took the reins. A year later Derby went to the country after his partisan Reform Bill was defeated.
The Tories remained a minority after the 1859 election but made enough ground to worry their various opponents. The remaining Peelites had spent much of the past year effecting a reconciliation between Palmerston and Russell to unite the free traders in Parliament. Palmerston had options; a Derby-Palmerston government of moderates was mooted. Palmerston's personal relations with Derby were excellent ; they often exchanged notes comparing their parliamentary tussles to horse races. However Palmerston declined to turn to the right and instead went with Russell to the Willis's Tea Room meeting which produced a tentatively united Liberal party. The delicate question of who would be prime minister was left to the queen. She tried for a third way by sending for Lord Granville a senior Whig ; this was not realistic but Palmerston dealt with the situation more adroitly than his temperamental rival Russell and got the call.
Palmerston's second ministry was delicately balanced. Russell accepted Foreign Secretary. From the Radical side Villiers and Milner Gibson accepted Cabinet posts, Cobden declined but agreed to support the government and Bright was left out in the cold. Some Whigs had to be disappointed. Most significantly Palmerston persuaded Gladstone ( who had voted to keep Derby in ) to resume as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Gladstone was a longstanding critic of Palmerston's foreign policy and was appalled by the jaunty way Palmerston conducted politics but he accepted, conscious of his complete isolation and the premier's advanced years. Agreement with Palmerston's Italian policy was the public reason for his acceptance.
This first Liberal ministry lasted six years and was rarely in trouble, a tribute to the masterly political skills of the man at its head. Palmerston's genius lay in his reading of the mood of the House and his man-management. Containing the titanic egos of Russell and Gladstone was no mean feat. Russell was placated by being allowed to produce another Reform Bill in 1860; the time was not right and Russell himself accepted this and thereafter gave no trouble. The MP William Gregory has left us an insight into how Gladstone was managed in Cabinet " Mr Gladstone used to come in charged to the muzzle with all sorts of schemes of all sorts of forms which were absolutely necessary in his opinion to be immediately undertaken. Palmerston used to look fixedly at the paper before him saying nothing until there was a lull in Gladstone's outpouring. He then rapped the table and said cheerfully "Now then my Lords and gentlemen, let us go to business" ". Gladstone frequently threatened resignation but Palmerston correctly judged that he would not follow through on them. The Tories were little problem. Derby thought the conservative cause was safe enough with Palmerston in charge and had little desire to supplant him; Disraeli's manoeuvres were continually thwarted by defections from his own side whenever a vote looked tight.
The domestic achievements of the government were light; Palmerston told the incoming George Goschen in 1864 that Parliament could not go on legislating forever and he did not wish to take parliamentary reform any further after 1860. Instead he wished to unite the social classes behind the existing system and went on public speaking tours to address the populace directly, an example not lost on Gladstone.
The American Civil War posed a few dilemmas for the government. Palmerston always loathed the USA and his sympathies lay with the South despite a longstanding hatred of slavery. On the other hand he was aware of the dangers of becoming involved in the war directly and kept Britain on a neutral-ish course.
The government sailed serenely on but after 1863 the shadows started to lengthen. Palmerston's close allies Lewis and Herbert died. In 1864 he suffered the only serious foreign policy reverse of his career when Bismarck's Prussia ignored his ill-judged threats of British intervention and appropriated the duchy of Schleswig-Holstein. Palmerston survived a vote of censure but his defeat was starkly apparent.
So too was the decline in his health. He needed to walk with the aid of his stepson William Cowper and the whole chamber watched as age caught up with this Regency relic. Palmerston remained cheerful and enjoyed scaring his colleagues with thoughts of Gladstone's succession "Gladstone will soon have it all his own way and whenever he gets my place we shall have strange doings".
Palmerston survived long enough to call another election in 1865. The Tories privately grumbled that it was cynical to campaign on Palmerston's popularity when he was unlikely to make it to the next session but there was little they could do. Despite Schleswig-Holstein Palmerston's government increased its majority, a rare feat.
The Tories' predictions were proved correct. In October Palmerston caught a chill and , not nursing it sufficiently, died of pneumonia aged 80 six days later. He was given a state funeral. Palmerston's caution on parliamentary reform was vindicated when his majority fell apart on the issue less than a year later .
Palmerston's legacy is not ideological ; he was a pragmatist who moved with the times and exemplified the political rewards to be had from pursuing a moderate course. Although he was perceived as an anachronism before he even got into number 10 he was actually strikingly modern in using the press to mould his public image and court public opinion. Tony Blair was a Palmerstonian. His contemporary and bitter foe Cobden said he had no views "beyond the wish to hold office by following the popular passions of the time". This view of Palmerston was refuted by his friend Florence Nightingale "Tho' he made a joke when asked to do the right thing he always did it.... He was so much more in earnest than he appeared. He did not do himself justice."
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